The Upaniṣads / Īśāvāsya / 1 Covered by the lord
1
ईशावास्यमिदं सर्वं यत् किं च जगत्यां जगत् ।
तेन त्यक्तेन भुञ्जीथा मा गृधः कस्य स्विद् धनम् īśāvāsyam idaṃ sarvaṃ yat kiṃ ca jagatyāṃ jagat |
tena tyaktena bhuñjīthā mā gṛdhaḥ kasya svid dhanam
The line
All this, whatever moves in the world, is to be inhabited by the lord. By that renounced thing you should enjoy. Do not covet. Whose, indeed, is the wealth.
नेपालीमा
जगतमा चल्ने यो सब ईश्वरले बसोबास गर्नुपर्ने हो। त्यस त्यागिएको कुराबाट तिमी भोग गर, लोभ नगर, धन कसको हो र?
Where it sits
The first mantra. Tyaktena (त्यक्तेन) is the renunciation. Bhuñjīthāḥ (भुञ्जीथाः) is the enjoying. The mantra does not yet say 'do the rites'. That is mantra 2. The Brahma Sūtra (सूत्र) will read sentences like this as being about Brahman (ब्रह्मन्). This line's own word for the one who covers is īśa (ईश).
Split: īśā (ईशा) + āvāsyam (आवास्यम्) + idam (इदम्) + sarvam (सर्वम्) + yat (यत्) + kim (किम्) + ca (च) + jagatyām (जगत्याम्) + jagat (जगत्) + tena (तेन) + tyaktena (त्यक्तेन) + bhuñjīthāḥ (भुञ्जीथाः) + mā (मा) + gṛdhaḥ (गृधः) + kasya (कस्य) + svit (स्वित्) + dhanam (धनम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| īśā (ईशा) | instrumental singular, masculine | By the lord. īśa (ईश), the lord, the one who owns. |
| āvāsyam (आवास्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | To be dwelt in, to be covered. A future passive participle of ā-vas (आ-वस्). Agrees with idam (इदम्). |
| idam (इदम्) | nominative singular, neuter | This. |
| sarvam (सर्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | All. Heard sarvaṃ (सर्वं). |
| yat kim ca (यत् किम् च) | indeclinable relative | Whatever. yat (यत्) plus kim (किम्) plus ca (च). |
| jagatyām (जगत्याम्) | locative singular, feminine | In the moving world. jagatī (जगती). |
| jagat (जगत्) | nominative singular, neuter | What moves. The thing that is in that world. |
| tena (तेन) | instrumental singular, neuter | By that. |
| tyaktena (त्यक्तेन) | instrumental singular, neuter | By what has been renounced. Agrees with tena (तेन). A past participle of tyaj (त्यज्). |
| bhuñjīthāḥ (भुञ्जीथाः) | optative, second person singular, ātmanepada (आत्मनेपद) | You should enjoy. From the root bhuj (भुज्). Heard bhuñjīthā (भुञ्जीथा) before mā (मा). |
| mā (मा) | indeclinable | Do not. With the injunctive. |
| gṛdhaḥ (गृधः) | injunctive, second person singular | Covet. From the root gṛdh (गृध्). |
| kasya (कस्य) | genitive singular | Of whom. |
| svit (स्वित्) | indeclinable | The wondering particle. Heard svid (स्विद्) before dhanam (धनम्). |
| dhanam (धनम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Wealth. Whose is the wealth. |
The phrases
All this, whatever moves in the moving world, is to be covered by the lord.
By that, by what has been renounced, you should enjoy. Do not covet. Whose is the wealth.
Sanskrit in this line
Īśā (ईशा) plus āvāsyam (आवास्यम्) is īśāvāsyam (ईशावास्यम्). Short ā (आ) plus short ā (आ) is ā (आ).
Svit (स्वित्) before dhanam (धनम्) is svid (स्विद्). A final t (त्) before a voiced consonant is heard as d (द्).
Say it back
Say the two verbs of the second half, enjoy and do-not-covet, and say what the instrumental tyaktena (त्यक्तेन) is.