55
Sāṅkhya Kārikā / Verses 22–55, the world / 55
तत्र जरामरणकृतं दुःखं प्राप्नोति चेतनः पुरुषः लिङ्गस्याविनिवृत्तेस् तस्माद् दुःखं स्वभावेन
tatra jarāmaraṇakṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ prāpnoti cetanaḥ puruṣaḥ liṅgasyāvinivṛttes tasmād duḥkhaṃ svabhāvena
The line
There the conscious person obtains the pain made of aging and dying, up to the ceasing of the subtle body. Therefore pain is by nature.
नेपालीमा
त्यहाँ चेतन पुरुषले बुढ्यौली र मृत्युबाट हुने दुःख सूक्ष्म शरीर नसकिएसम्म पाउँछ। त्यसैले दुःख स्वभावले हुन्छ।
Where it sits
If the book stopped here it would be a diagnosis. Verse 56 says the creation was for release. The diagnosis is not the last word.
Split: tatra (तत्र) + jarā-maraṇa-kṛtam (जरा-मरण-कृतम्) + duḥkham (दुःखम्) + prāpnoti (प्राप्नोति) + cetanaḥ (चेतनः) + puruṣaḥ (पुरुषः) + liṅgasya (लिङ्गस्य) + ā-vinivṛtteḥ (आ-विनिवृत्तेः) + tasmāt (तस्मात्) + duḥkham (दुःखम्) + svabhāvena (स्वभावेन)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| tatra (तत्र) | indeclinable | there. In that creation. |
| jarā-maraṇa-kṛtam (जरा-मरण-कृतम्) | nominative singular, neuter | made of old age and death. |
| duḥkham (दुःखम्) | nominative singular, neuter | pain. |
| prāpnoti (प्राप्नोति) | present, third person singular | he obtains. |
| cetanaḥ puruṣaḥ (चेतनः पुरुषः) | nominative singular, masculine | the conscious person. cetana (चेतन) is seeing, aware. |
| liṅgasya ā-vinivṛtteḥ (लिङ्गस्य आ-विनिवृत्तेः) | ablative | until the subtle body ceases. ā (आ) with the ablative is 'up to.' |
| tasmāt (तस्मात्) | ablative | therefore. |
| svabhāvena (स्वभावेन) | instrumental singular | by its own nature. Pain is not an accident added to life. |
The phrases
The person obtains pain. Verse 20 said the obtaining is a seeming, because the person is not the agent and not the stuff of pain. The verse still says prāpnoti (प्राप्नोति). Both are kept: the experience is his, as witness, and the pain is nature's.
svabhāvena (स्वभावेन) closes the loop with verse 1. The three pains are not a temporary illness of the world. While the liṅga (लिङ्ग) goes on, pain is what the creation is like.
Sanskrit in this line
ā (आ) plus ablative means 'up to and not past.' liṅgasyāvinivṛtteḥ (लिङ्गस्याविनिवृत्तेः) is liṅgasya (लिङ्गस्य) plus āvinivṛtteḥ (आविनिवृत्तेः). The long ā (आ) is the preposition joined to the noun.
Say it back
Until when does he obtain that pain?