44
Sāṅkhya Kārikā / Verses 22–55, the world / 44
धर्मेण गमनमूर्ध्वं गमनमधस्ताद् भवत्यधर्मेण ज्ञानेन चापवर्गो विपर्ययादिष्यते बन्धः
dharmeṇa gamanam ūrdhvaṃ gamanam adhastād bhavaty adharmeṇa jñānena cāpavargo viparyayād iṣyate bandhaḥ
The line
By virtue one goes upward, by non-virtue downward. By knowledge comes release, and from the reverse, bondage is held to come.
नेपालीमा
धर्मले माथि पुगिन्छ, अधर्मले तल। ज्ञानले मोक्ष आउँछ, र उल्टोबाट बन्ध आउँछ भनिन्छ।
Where it sits
Verse 45 finishes the eight: dispassion, passion, power, and the lack of power. Then the book turns to the fifty divisions of error and success, which are intellect's contents in detail.
Split: dharmeṇa (धर्मेण) + gamanam (गमनम्) + ūrdhvam (ऊर्ध्वम्) + gamanam (गमनम्) + adhastāt (अधस्तात्) + bhavati (भवति) + adharmeṇa (अधर्मेण) + jñānena (ज्ञानेन) + ca (च) + apavargaḥ (अपवर्गः) + viparyayāt (विपर्ययात्) + iṣyate (इष्यते) + bandhaḥ (बन्धः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| dharmeṇa (धर्मेण) | instrumental singular | by virtue. |
| gamanam ūrdhvam (गमनमूर्ध्वम्) | nominative | going upward. The higher births. |
| adhastāt (अधस्तात्) | indeclinable | downward. |
| adharmeṇa (अधर्मेण) | instrumental singular | by non-virtue. |
| bhavati (भवति) | present | comes to be. |
| jñānena (ज्ञानेन) | instrumental singular | by knowledge. The discriminating knowledge of verse 37. |
| apavargaḥ (अपवर्गः) | nominative singular, masculine | release. The same word Nyāya (न्याय) uses for the highest good. Here it is kaivalya (कैवल्य). |
| viparyayāt (विपर्ययात्) | ablative singular | from the reverse. From ignorance. |
| iṣyate (इष्यते) | passive | is held. |
| bandhaḥ (बन्धः) | nominative singular, masculine | bondage. |
The phrases
Four dispositions, four results, arranged as pairs. Up and down are still inside the world. Knowledge is the way out. Ignorance is the way of staying.
Instrumental is 'by means of.' The disposition is not a rewarder standing outside. It is the means by which the going happens.
Sanskrit in this line
apavarga (अपवर्ग) is worth hearing next to Nyāya (न्याय)'s apavarga (अपवर्ग). Same word, and in this verse it is the fruit of jñāna (ज्ञान), not of a syllogism. The syllogism was the tool. The fruit is the sorting apart.
Say it back
Which of the four results leaves the world, and which instrument does it?