Lesson 28: Thought and Night
Index · Lesson 27: The River · Lesson 29: Mother and Father
बुद्धिः means intellect, बुद्धि. रात्रिः means night, रात. Both are feminine, and the last vowel is short इ. They are not the अग्नि column. अग्निः is masculine. They are not the नदी column either. नदी ends in long ई and has no visarga in the subject. बुद्धिः has the visarga.
शुभरात्रिः in the introduction is one compound, “good night.” रात्रिः alone is the noun “night.”
One
This book uses one form where a second form is also said. The other form is named in the explanation, so a line you meet is not a stranger. Recall the first form.
| Case | Form | A whole sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | बुद्धिः | मयि बुद्धिः अस्ति। | ममा बुद्धि छ। मयि means “in me,” from Lesson 10: I and You. The subject has ः. |
| Object | बुद्धिम् | अहं बुद्धिं पश्यामि। | म बुद्धि देख्छु। Written बुद्धिं before a consonant. |
| With, by | बुद्ध्या | बुद्ध्या सह अहं पठामि। | बुद्धिसँग म पढ्छु। This is not बुद्धिना. अग्निना was the masculine इ word. |
| For | बुद्ध्यै | इदं पुस्तकं बुद्ध्यै अस्ति। | यो पुस्तक बुद्धिका लागि हो। बुद्धये is the other “for” form. This book uses बुद्ध्यै. |
| From | बुद्धेः | अहं बुद्धेः शृणोमि। | म बुद्धिबाट सुन्छु। बुद्ध्याः is the other “from” form. This book uses बुद्धेः. |
| Of | बुद्धेः | इदं बुद्धेः फलम् अस्ति। | यो बुद्धिको फल हो। फलम् means “fruit.” बुद्ध्याः is the other “of” form. |
| In, at | बुद्धौ | बुद्धौ ज्ञानम् अस्ति। | बुद्धिमा ज्ञान छ। बुद्ध्याम् is the other “in” form. This book uses बुद्धौ. |
| Calling | बुद्धे | हे बुद्धे। | ए बुद्धि। |
Night
रात्रिः takes every ending बुद्धिः takes. रात्रौ is the one to keep: “at night.”
| Sentence | Meaning |
|---|---|
| रात्रिः अस्ति। | It is night. रात छ। |
| रात्रौ अहं पठामि। | At night I study. राति म पढ्छु। |
| रात्रौ अहम् अपठम्। | At night I studied. अपठम् is “I studied,” from Lesson 18: The Past. अहम् keeps म् because अपठम् starts with a vowel. |
| ह्यः रात्रौ अहम् अपठम्। | Last night I studied. ह्यः means “yesterday,” हिजो. |
More than two
| Case | Form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | बुद्धयः | intellects, as the doers |
| Calling | बुद्धयः | हे बुद्धयः |
| Object | बुद्धीः | the intellects that receive the action |
| With, by | बुद्धिभिः | with the intellects |
| For | बुद्धिभ्यः | for the intellects |
| From | बुद्धिभ्यः | from the intellects |
| Of | बुद्धीनाम् | of the intellects |
| In, at | बुद्धिषु | in the intellects |
बुद्धयः सन्ति। “Intellects are there.” रात्रयः is “nights,” the same job as बुद्धयः.
The same column
| Word | Meaning | Nepali |
|---|---|---|
| मतिः | thought, mind | मति |
| गतिः | going, course | गति |
| शक्तिः | power | शक्ति |
| भूमिः | earth, ground | भूमि |
| शान्तिः | peace | शान्ति |
| स्मृतिः | memory | स्मृति |
| नीतिः | conduct | नीति |
| जातिः | kind, birth | जाति |
भूमौ अहम् अस्मि। “I am on the ground.” म भूमिमा छु। भूमौ is the “in, at” form, the same job as बुद्धौ and रात्रौ.
Two of this shape are not in this lesson.
Practice
- Say the eight: बुद्धिः, बुद्धिम्, बुद्ध्या, बुद्ध्यै, बुद्धेः, बुद्धेः, बुद्धौ, बुद्धे.
- Say मयि बुद्धिः अस्ति, “intellect is in me.”
- Say रात्रौ अहं पठामि, “at night I study.”
Next
Lesson 29: Mother and Father is पिता and माता. The subject again has no visarga, and the vowel ॠ comes into the plural.