1.8
विपर्ययो मिथ्याज्ञानमतद्रूपप्रतिष्ठम्
viparyayo mithyā-jñānam atad-rūpa-pratiṣṭham
The line
Error is false knowing, standing on a form that is not the object's.
नेपालीमा
विपर्यय मिथ्या ज्ञान हो, जुन वस्तुको आफ्नो नभएको रूपमा उभिएको हुन्छ।
Where it sits
Error is still a vṛtti (वृत्ति). It is not a moral failure in this line. It is a kind of mental activity, and 1.2 includes it in what is stilled. It can be afflicted or not, by the rule in 1.5, but the line does not sort the cases. It only says what error is.
Split: viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः) + mithyā-jñānam (मिथ्याज्ञानम्) + a-tad-rūpa-pratiṣṭham (अतद्रूपप्रतिष्ठम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः) | nominative singular, masculine | error. The second of the five. |
| mithyā (मिथ्या) | indeclinable, inside the compound | false, wrongly. |
| jñānam (ज्ञानम्) | nominative singular, neuter | knowing. |
| a- (अ) | privative | not. |
| tad (तद्) | stem | that. The object one took oneself to be knowing. |
| rūpa (रूप) | stem | form. |
| pratiṣṭham (प्रतिष्ठम्) | nominative singular, neuter | standing, founded. Agrees with jñānam (ज्ञानम्). |
The phrases
viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः) is the subject.
mithyā-jñānam (मिथ्याज्ञानम्) is the predicate: false knowing.
atadrūpapratiṣṭham (अतद्रूपप्रतिष्ठम्) tells you what makes it false. Read from the end: founded (pratiṣṭha (प्रतिष्ठ)) on a form (rūpa (रूप)) that is not that (a-tad (अतद्)). The knowing stands on a form the object does not have. A rope seen as a snake is the usual illustration. The snake-form is not the rope's form. The seeing is a real event in the mind. What it knows is not what is there.
The recited viparyayo (विपर्ययो) is viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः) with its visarga changed.
Sanskrit in this line
Second visarga pattern. When a word ends in aḥ (अः) and the next word begins with a voiced consonant, aḥ (अः) becomes o (ओ). viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः) + mithyā (मिथ्या) is recited viparyayo mithyā (विपर्ययो मिथ्या). The m (म्) of mithyā (मिथ्या) is voiced, so the rule applies.
atad-rūpa-pratiṣṭha (अतद्रूपप्रतिष्ठ) is read from the end, like the compounds of 1.1 and 1.2, with the privative a- (अ) on tad (तद्): "not-that."
Say it back
Say the sandhi aloud both ways: the split viparyayaḥ (विपर्ययः), and the recited viparyayo (विपर्ययो).
Next
1.9. Conceptualization follows verbal knowing, and it is empty of a thing.