1.7
प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः प्रमाणानि
pratyakṣānumānāgamāḥ pramāṇāni
The line
Perception, inference, and testimony are the valid knowings.
नेपालीमा
प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान र आगम प्रमाण हुन्।
Where it sits
This is the whole of pramāṇa (प्रमाण), the first of the five. The book does not rank the three sources here. It names them so that "valid" has a boundary. The next line says what falls outside it.
Split: pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) + anumāna (अनुमान) + āgamāḥ (आगमाः) + pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) | stem, inside the compound | perception. prati (प्रति) "before, toward," akṣa (अक्ष) "eye." What stands in front of the senses. |
| anumāna (अनुमान) | stem | inference. anu (अनु) "after," māna (मान) "measuring." Measuring from what came before. |
| āgamāḥ (आगमाः) | nominative plural of āgama (आगम) | testimony, what has come down. Teaching and report that arrive from someone who knows. |
| pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि) | nominative plural, neuter | the valid knowings. The predicate. |
The phrases
pratyakṣānumānāgamāḥ (प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः) is another dvandva, three members this time. Two sandhi joins hide the seams:
- pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) + anumāna (अनुमान) → pratyakṣānumāna (प्रत्यक्षानुमान), because a (अ) + a (अ) = ā (आ)
- anumāna (अनुमान) + āgama (आगम) → anumānāgama (अनुमानागम), because a (अ) + ā (आ) = ā (आ)
pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि) says what this list is. The list is masculine (the last member āgama (आगम) is masculine). The predicate pramāṇa (प्रमाण) is neuter, so it keeps the neuter plural pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि). Each noun wears its own gender. The sentence still means "these are the valid knowings."
Sanskrit in this line
a (अ) + ā (आ) = ā (आ) is the partner of the rule in 1.1. Short a (अ) followed by long ā (आ) makes long ā (आ). Both joins in this compound are that family.
When a definition pairs two nouns, do not "correct" the endings so they match. āgamāḥ (आगमाः) and pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि) are a normal Sanskrit "A is B."
Say it back
Split pratyakṣānumānāgamāḥ (प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः) into three words without looking. Then name the three in English.
Next
1.8. Error is false knowing, standing on a form that is not the object's.