2.15
परिणामतापसंस्कारदुःखैर् गुणवृत्तिविरोधाच् च दुःखमेव सर्वं विवेकिनः
pariṇāma-tāpa-saṃskāra-duḥkhair guṇa-vṛtti-virodhāc ca duḥkham eva sarvaṃ vivekinaḥ
The line
For the discerning, everything is suffering, through change, anguish, impressions, and the conflict among the activities of the guṇas (गुण).
नेपालीमा
परिणाम, ताप, संस्कार र गुणका वृत्तिहरूको द्वन्द्वले गर्दा विवेकीका लागि सबै दुःख हो।
Where it sits
2.14 allowed pleasant fruit. This line withdraws that comfort. Even the pleasant changes, burns, leaves an impression, and sits inside the conflict of the guṇas (गुण). The discerning one is not gloomier. The discerning one sees the structure. 2.16 will say what to do with the suffering that has not yet come.
Split: pariṇāma (परिणाम) + tāpa (ताप) + saṃskāra (संस्कार) + duḥkhaiḥ (दुःखैः) + guṇa (गुण) + vṛtti (वृत्ति) + virodhāt (विरोधात्) + ca (च) + duḥkham (दुःखम्) + eva (एव) + sarvam (सर्वम्) + vivekinaḥ (विवेकिनः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pariṇāma (परिणाम) | stem | change. The suffering of things altering. |
| tāpa (ताप) | stem | anguish, the burning. |
| saṃskāra (संस्कार) | stem | impression. The suffering stored for later. |
| duḥkhaiḥ (दुःखैः) | instrumental plural | by these sufferings. The ending covers the three. |
| guṇa (गुण) | stem | the guṇas (गुण). The strands from 1.16. |
| vṛtti (वृत्ति) | stem | activity. |
| virodhāt (विरोधात्) | ablative singular | from the conflict. Because the activities of the guṇas (गुण) conflict. |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. A fourth reason, added to the three. |
| duḥkham (दुःखम्) | nominative singular, neuter | suffering. |
| eva (एव) | indeclinable | indeed, itself. |
| sarvam (सर्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | everything. |
| vivekinaḥ (विवेकिनः) | genitive singular of vivekin (विवेकिन्) | for the discerning one. Of one who sees the difference. |
The phrases
The instrumental plural duḥkhaiḥ (दुःखैः) gives three sufferings: by change, by anguish, by impression. ca (च) adds a fourth ground, the ablative virodhāt (विरोधात्): and from the conflict among the activities of the guṇas (गुण). Before ca (च), virodhāt (विरोधात्) is recited virodhāc (विरोधाच्), because t (त्) before c (च्) becomes c (च्).
duḥkham eva sarvam (दुःखमेव सर्वम्) is the nominative: everything is suffering itself. vivekinaḥ (विवेकिनः) is genitive, “for the one who discerns.” The line does not say everything looks like suffering to everyone. It says this is how it is for the discerning.
Sanskrit in this line
A final t (त्) before c (च्) becomes c (च्). virodhāt ca (विरोधात् च) is virodhāc ca (विरोधाच् च). You saw t (त्) become j (ज्) before j (ज्), and t (त्) become n (न्) before n (न्). This is the same habit: t (त्) takes on the following consonant. The genitive vivekinaḥ (विवेकिनः) is “for” the person, a genitive of relation, from a stem in -in (इन्).
Say it back
Name the four grounds of suffering. The fourth is the one with ca (च). Then say for whom: vivekinaḥ (विवेकिनः).