Gāndharva / Living forms
The living forms of rāga (राग)
Summary
The Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda (मकरन्द) sets the root rāga (राग) down as persons. The six males are śrīrāga (श्रीराग), vasanta (वसन्त), bhairava (भैरव), pañcama (पञ्चम), megharāja (मेघराज), and nāṭanārāyaṇa (नाटनारायण), and the book names wives for them. It also ties male, female, and neuter rāga (राग) to the dramatic rasa (रस). This edition does not draw Bhairava (भैरव) with a trident, Megha (मेघ) commanding rain, or Dīpaka (दीपक) lighting lamps. Dīpaka (दीपक) occurs here as a tāla (ताल) name, and it is not one of the six males.
नेपालीमा
सङ्गीतमकरन्दले मूल रागलाई व्यक्ति बनाउँछ। छ पुरुष श्रीराग, वसन्त, भैरव, पञ्चम, मेघराज र नाटनारायण हुन्, र पुस्तकले तिनीका पत्नीको नाम दिन्छ। पुरुष, स्त्री र नपुंसक रागलाई नाट्य रससँग पनि बाँध्छ। यो संस्करणले त्रिशूल लिएको भैरव, वर्षा गराउने मेघ, वा दियो बाल्ने दीपक कोर्दैन। दीपक यहाँ तालको नाम हो, र ती छ पुरुषमध्ये होइन।
The verses are the Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda (मकरन्द) as the electronic transcription of the printed edition gives them. Later painting books give dhyāna (ध्यान) verses in which Bhairava (भैरव) holds a trident, Megha (मेघ) commands rain, and Dīpaka (दीपक) lights lamps. Those verses are not in this edition, so they are not recited. Dīpaka (दीपक) appears in this book among the tāla (ताल) names. The rāga (राग) word itself is Mataṅga (मतङ्ग)'s derivation. Hear the names in the rāga (राग) room. The practice rooms live outside this library, so this page cannot put a link back inside them.
Verse 79 of this chapter is a blank row of dots in the transcription, so whatever list stood there is not sat. The wives who are sat are the lines whose words are clear.
Makaranda 3.74
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 74.
श्रीरागोऽपि वसन्तश्च भैरवः पञ्चमस्तथा ।
मेघराजस्तु विज्ञेयो नाटनारायणश्च षट् ॥ śrīrāgo 'pi vasantaśca bhairavaḥ pañcamastathā |
megharājastu vijñeyo nāṭanārāyaṇaśca ṣaṭ ||
The line
Śrīrāga (श्रीराग) too, and Vasanta, Bhairava, and Pañcama (पञ्चम) likewise, and Megharāja (मेघराज) is to be known, and Nāṭanārāyaṇa (नाटनारायण): six.
नेपालीमा
श्रीराग पनि, वसन्त, भैरव र पञ्चम त्यस्तै, मेघराजलाई जान्नुपर्छ, र नाटनारायण, यी छ हुन्।
Where it sits
These are the six males of this edition. Dīpaka (दीपक) is not among them. Their wives are the next sittings. The hours of some of these names are the hours.
Split: śrīrāgaḥ (श्रीरागः) + api (अपि) + vasantaḥ (वसन्तः) + ca (च) + bhairavaḥ (भैरवः) + pañcamaḥ (पञ्चमः) + tathā (तथा) + megharājaḥ (मेघराजः) + tu (तु) + vijñeyaḥ (विज्ञेयः) + nāṭanārāyaṇaḥ (नाटनारायणः) + ṣaṭ (षट्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| śrīrāgaḥ (श्रीरागः) | nominative singular | Śrīrāga (श्रीराग). Recited śrīrāgo (श्रीरागो), with an avagraha before api. |
| api (अपि) | indeclinable | also. |
| vasantaḥ (वसन्तः) | nominative singular | Vasanta. Recited vasantaś (वसन्तश्) before c. |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. |
| bhairavaḥ (भैरवः) | nominative singular | Bhairava. |
| pañcamaḥ (पञ्चमः) | nominative singular | Pañcama (पञ्चम). Heard as पञ्चमस् before t. |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | likewise. |
| megharājaḥ (मेघराजः) | nominative singular | Megharāja (मेघराज). Heard as मेघराजस् before t. |
| tu (तु) | indeclinable | and. |
| vijñeyaḥ (विज्ञेयः) | nominative singular | is to be known. Recited vijñeyo (विज्ञेयो). |
| nāṭanārāyaṇaḥ (नाटनारायणः) | nominative singular | Nāṭanārāyaṇa (नाटनारायण). Recited nāṭanārāyaṇaś (नाटनारायणश्) before c. |
| ṣaṭ (षट्) | nominative | six. |
The phrases
The six names are the subject. ṣaṭ (षट्) is the count. vijñeyaḥ (विज्ञेयः) is the verb. api and tathā (तथा) and tu are the particles that keep the list moving.
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints श्रीरागोऽपि and नाटनारायणश्च षट्. The count ṣaṭ (षट्) closes the list.
Say it back
Name the six males this verse counts.
Makaranda 3.69
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 69.
वेलावली मल्हरी बहुली भूपयोषितः ।
देवक्रिया च पौराली काम्भारी भैरवस्त्रियह् ॥ velāvalī malharī bahulī bhūpayoṣitaḥ |
devakriyā ca paurālī kāmbhārī bhairavastriyah ||
The line
Velāvalī (वेलावली), Malharī (मल्हरी), and Bahulī (बहुली) are Bhūpa (भूप)'s wives. And Devakriyā (देवक्रिया), Paurālī (पौराली), and Kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) are Bhairava's women.
नेपालीमा
वेलावली, मल्हरी र बहुली भूपका पत्नी हुन्। देवक्रिया, पौराली र काम्भारी भैरवका स्त्री हुन्।
Where it sits
Bhairava (भैरव) here is a husband with three named wives. The verse does not put a trident in his hand. That picture is a later dhyāna (ध्यान), and it is not this line.
Split: velāvalī (वेलावली) + malharī (मल्हरी) + bahulī (बहुली) + bhūpayoṣitaḥ (भूपयोषितः) + devakriyā (देवक्रिया) + ca (च) + paurālī (पौराली) + kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) + bhairavastriyah (भैरवस्त्रियह्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| velāvalī (वेलावली) | nominative singular | Velāvalī (वेलावली). |
| malharī (मल्हरी) | nominative singular | Malharī (मल्हरी). |
| bahulī (बहुली) | nominative singular | Bahulī (बहुली). |
| bhūpayoṣitaḥ (भूपयोषितः) | nominative plural | the wives of Bhūpa (भूप). |
| devakriyā (देवक्रिया) | nominative singular | Devakriyā (देवक्रिया). |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. |
| paurālī (पौराली) | nominative singular | Paurālī (पौराली). |
| kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) | nominative singular | Kāmbhārī (काम्भारी). |
| bhairavastriyah (भैरवस्त्रियह्) | nominative plural | the women of Bhairava. |
The phrases
The first three names are bhūpayoṣitaḥ (भूपयोषितः). The next three names are bhairavastriyah. There is no finite verb. The nominatives are the predication.
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints भूपयोषितः and भैरवस्त्रियः. yoṣitaḥ (योषितः) is the plural of yoṣit (योषित्), a wife. striyaḥ (स्त्रियः) is the plural of strī (स्त्री).
Say it back
Who are named as Bhairava's women?
Makaranda 3.75
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 75.
गौडी कोलाहली चैव द्रावल्यान्दोलिकी तथा ।
माधवी देवगान्धारी श्रीरागस्य वराङ्गनाः ॥ gauḍī kolāhalī caiva drāvalyāndolikī tathā |
mādhavī devagāndhārī śrīrāgasya varāṅganāḥ ||
The line
Gauḍī (गौडी) and Kolāhalī (कोलाहली), and Drāvalī (द्रावली) Āndolikī (आन्दोलिकी) likewise, Mādhavī (माधवी) and Devagāndhārī (देवगान्धारी), are the fair women of Śrīrāga (श्रीराग).
नेपालीमा
गौडी र कोलाहली, द्रावली आन्दोलिकी त्यस्तै, माधवी र देवगान्धारी श्रीरागका सुन्दरी हुन्।
Where it sits
Śrīrāga (श्रीराग) is the first of the six males. His wives are names, not a painted body.
Split: gauḍī (गौडी) + kolāhalī (कोलाहली) + ca (च) + eva (एव) + drāvalyāndolikī (द्रावल्यान्दोलिकी) + tathā (तथा) + mādhavī (माधवी) + devagāndhārī (देवगान्धारी) + śrīrāgasya (श्रीरागस्य) + varāṅganāḥ (वराङ्गनाः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| gauḍī (गौडी) | nominative singular | Gauḍī (गौडी). |
| kolāhalī (कोलाहली) | nominative singular | Kolāhalī (कोलाहली). |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. |
| eva (एव) | indeclinable | indeed. Joined to ca. |
| drāvalyāndolikī (द्रावल्यान्दोलिकी) | nominative singular | Drāvalī (द्रावली) and Āndolikī (आन्दोलिकी), printed as one run. |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | likewise. |
| mādhavī (माधवी) | nominative singular | Mādhavī (माधवी). |
| devagāndhārī (देवगान्धारी) | nominative singular | Devagāndhārī (देवगान्धारी). |
| śrīrāgasya (श्रीरागस्य) | genitive singular | of Śrīrāga (श्रीराग). |
| varāṅganāḥ (वराङ्गनाः) | nominative plural | the fair women. |
The phrases
The names are varāṅganāḥ (वराङ्गनाः), and śrīrāgasya (श्रीरागस्य) says whose. drāvalyāndolikī (द्रावल्यान्दोलिकी) is kept as the edition runs the two names together.
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints द्रावल्यान्दोलिकी as one word. The sitting does not invent a hyphen to split it. caiva is ca plus eva.
Say it back
Whose wives does this verse name?
Makaranda 3.77
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 77.
सौराष्ट्री चैव काम्भारी बङ्गाली मधुमाधवी ।
देवकी चैव भूपाली मेघरागस्य योषितः ॥ saurāṣṭrī caiva kāmbhārī baṅgālī madhumādhavī |
devakī caiva bhūpālī megharāgasya yoṣitaḥ ||
The line
Saurāṣṭrī (सौराष्ट्री), Kāmbhārī (काम्भारी), Baṅgālī (बङ्गाली), Madhumādhavī (मधुमाधवी), Devakī (देवकी), and Bhūpālī (भूपाली) are the wives of Megharāga (मेघराग).
नेपालीमा
सौराष्ट्री, काम्भारी, बङ्गाली, मधुमाधवी, देवकी र भूपाली मेघरागका पत्नी हुन्।
Where it sits
Megha (मेघ) in the later pictures commands rain. In this verse Megharāga (मेघराग) is a husband with six named wives. That is the living form this edition gives him.
Split: saurāṣṭrī (सौराष्ट्री) + caiva (चैव) + kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) + baṅgālī (बङ्गाली) + madhumādhavī (मधुमाधवी) + devakī (देवकी) + bhūpālī (भूपाली) + megharāgasya (मेघरागस्य) + yoṣitaḥ (योषितः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| saurāṣṭrī (सौराष्ट्री) | nominative singular | Saurāṣṭrī (सौराष्ट्री). |
| caiva (चैव) | indeclinable | and indeed. |
| kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) | nominative singular | Kāmbhārī (काम्भारी). |
| baṅgālī (बङ्गाली) | nominative singular | Baṅgālī (बङ्गाली). |
| madhumādhavī (मधुमाधवी) | nominative singular | Madhumādhavī (मधुमाधवी). |
| devakī (देवकी) | nominative singular | Devakī (देवकी). |
| bhūpālī (भूपाली) | nominative singular | Bhūpālī (भूपाली). |
| megharāgasya (मेघरागस्य) | genitive singular | of Megharāga (मेघराग). |
| yoṣitaḥ (योषितः) | nominative plural | the wives. |
The phrases
The six names are yoṣitaḥ (योषितः) of megharāgasya (मेघरागस्य). The genitive does the possession. There is no verb of commanding rain, and no cloud picture.
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints मेघरागस्य योषितः. The same kāmbhārī (काम्भारी) was Bhairava (भैरव)'s woman in verse 69. The book uses the name in both places. The sitting does not decide which list wins.
Say it back
What does this verse say Megharāga (मेघराग) has, in place of a rain picture?
Makaranda 3.63
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 63, first line.
रौद्रेऽद्भुते तथा वीरे पुंरागैः परिगीयते । raudre 'dbhute tathā vīre puṃrāgaiḥ parigīyate |
The line
In the furious, the wondrous, and the heroic, one sings with the male rāgas (राग).
नेपालीमा
रौद्र, अद्भुत र वीरमा पुरुष रागले गाइन्छ।
Where it sits
The second line of the verse is not sat. The edition prints शृङ्गारहास्यकरुणं with a question mark, and स्त्रीरागैश्व with a letter missing, and then says the women's rāga (राग) is sung there. The words are not clear enough to recite. The next verse is clear about the neuter.
Split: raudre (रौद्रे) + adbhute (अद्भुते) + tathā (तथा) + vīre (वीरे) + puṃrāgaiḥ (पुंरागैः) + parigīyate (परिगीयते)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| raudre (रौद्रे) | locative singular | in the furious rasa. |
| adbhute (अद्भुते) | locative singular | in the wondrous. The recital has an avagraha, 'dbhute. |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | and. |
| vīre (वीरे) | locative singular | in the heroic. |
| puṃrāgaiḥ (पुंरागैः) | instrumental plural | by male rāgas (राग). |
| parigīyate (परिगीयते) | passive | it is sung all through. |
The phrases
The three locatives are the rasas. puṃrāgaiḥ (पुंरागैः) is the instrument of parigīyate (परिगीयते).
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints रौद्रेऽद्भुते. The avagraha is the sandhi of e plus a.
Say it back
In which three rasas does this line sing with the male rāgas (राग)?
Makaranda 3.64
This sitting is Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda, third pāda (पाद), verse 64.
भयानके च बीभत्से शान्ते गायन्नपुंसके ।
अनेन विधिना ज्ञात्वा गेयं सर्वार्थसाधनम् ॥ bhayānake ca bībhatse śānte gāyannapuṃsake |
anena vidhinā jñātvā geyaṃ sarvārthasādhanam ||
The line
And in the fearful, the disgusting, and the peaceful, singing in the neuter, what is to be sung, once this rule is known, accomplishes every aim.
नेपालीमा
भयानक, बीभत्स र शान्तमा नपुंसक रागले गाउँदै, यो विधि जानेपछि गाउनुपर्ने कुराले सबै अर्थ सिद्ध हुन्छ।
Where it sits
Male, female, and neuter are the living kinds this chapter gives the rāga (राग). The painted deities with weapons and weather are a different literature.
Split: bhayānake (भयानके) + ca (च) + bībhatse (बीभत्से) + śānte (शान्ते) + gāyan (गायन्) + napuṃsake (नपुंसके) + anena (अनेन) + vidhinā (विधिना) + jñātvā (ज्ञात्वा) + geyam (गेयम्) + sarvārthasādhanam (सर्वार्थसाधनम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| bhayānake (भयानके) | locative singular | in the fearful. |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. |
| bībhatse (बीभत्से) | locative singular | in the disgusting. |
| śānte (शान्ते) | locative singular | in the peaceful. |
| gāyan (गायन्) | present participle | singing. Joined to the next word. |
| napuṃsake (नपुंसके) | locative singular | in the neuter. The neuter rāga (राग). |
| anena (अनेन) | instrumental singular | by this. |
| vidhinā (विधिना) | instrumental singular | by the rule. |
| jñātvā (ज्ञात्वा) | gerund | having known. |
| geyam (गेयम्) | nominative singular | what is to be sung. |
| sarvārthasādhanam (सर्वार्थसाधनम्) | nominative singular | the accomplishing of every aim. |
The phrases
The locatives name the rasas, and gāyan (गायन्) napuṃsake (नपुंसके) is the manner. jñātvā (ज्ञात्वा) anena vidhinā (विधिना) is the condition. geyam is called sarvārthasādhanam (सर्वार्थसाधनम्).
Sanskrit in this line
The edition prints गायन्नपुंसके as one word. napuṃsake (नपुंसके) is the neuter class named in verses 60 through 62, which call that class Nārada (नारद)'s opinion told by Brahmā (ब्रह्मा).
Say it back
Which rasas take the neuter rāga (राग)?