Gāndharva / The seven notes

The seven notes

The animal cries are Nāradīya (नारदीय) Śikṣā (शिक्षा), kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका) 5, verses 3 and 4. Some counts call this kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका) 1.5. The colors are kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका) 4, verses 1 and 2, in the same book. The electronic text agrees with the vedicreserve copy on these lines. Train the notes in Eastern singing and in ear training. The practice rooms live outside this library, so this page cannot put a link back inside them.

The note ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) is named for the bull. The criers in verse 3 are the cows. ajāvike (अजाविके) is a dual, goat and sheep. krauñca (क्रौञ्च) is the wading bird the familiar list calls a heron. The Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda (मकरन्द) opening, verses 13 and 14, gives another cry list, with a cātaka (चातक) for ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) and a goat alone for gāndhāra (गान्धार), and the editor marks that couplet. It is not sat as a second authority.

Śikṣā (शिक्षा) 5.3

This sitting is Nāradīya (नारदीय) Śikṣā (शिक्षा), kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका) 5, verse 3.

षड्जं वदति मयूरो गावो रम्भन्ति चर्षभम् ।
अजाविके तु गान्धरं क्रौञ्चो वदति मध्यमम् ॥ ṣaḍjaṃ vadati mayūro gāvo rambhanti carṣabham |
ajāvike tu gāndharaṃ krauñco vadati madhyamam ||

The line

The peacock utters ṣaḍja (षड्ज), and the cows low ṛṣabha (ऋषभ). The goat and the sheep take gāndhāra (गान्धार), and the krauñca (क्रौञ्च) utters madhyama.

नेपालीमा

मयूरले षड्ज बोल्छ, र गाईहरूले ऋषभ गर्जाउँछन्। बाख्रा र भेडाले गान्धार लिन्छन्, र क्रौञ्चले मध्यम बोल्छ।

Where it sits

The ear for these seven cries is Eastern singing and ear training. The practice rooms live outside this library, so this page cannot put a link back inside them.

Split: ṣaḍjam (षड्जम्) + vadati (वदति) + mayūraḥ (मयूरः) + gāvaḥ (गावः) + rambhanti (रम्भन्ति) + ca (च) + ṛṣabham (ऋषभम्) + ajāvike (अजाविके) + tu (तु) + gāndharam (गान्धरम्) + krauñcaḥ (क्रौञ्चः) + madhyamam (मध्यमम्)

पूष्पसाधारणे माले कोकिलो वक्ति पञ्चमम् ।
अश्वस्तु धैवतं वक्ति निषादं वक्ति कुञ्जरः ॥ pūṣpasādhāraṇe māle kokilo vakti pañcamam |
aśvastu dhaivataṃ vakti niṣādaṃ vakti kuñjaraḥ ||

The line

In a garland where flowers are common, the cuckoo utters pañcama (पञ्चम). And the horse utters dhaivata. The elephant utters niṣāda (निषाद).

नेपालीमा

फूल साझा भएको मालामा कोइलीले पञ्चम बोल्छ। घोडाले धैवत बोल्छ। हात्तीले निषाद बोल्छ।

Where it sits

The familiar line reads puṣpasādhāraṇe (पुष्पसाधारणे) kāle (काले), in the season when flowers are common. This edition, and the vedicreserve copy, print पूष्पसाधारणे माले. The Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda (मकरन्द) verse 14 has the season reading. Both are named. The recital is this edition.

Split: pūṣpasādhāraṇe (पूष्पसाधारणे) + māle (माले) + kokilaḥ (कोकिलः) + vakti (वक्ति) + pañcamam (पञ्चमम्) + aśvaḥ (अश्वः) + tu (तु) + dhaivatam (धैवतम्) + niṣādam (निषादम्) + kuñjaraḥ (कुञ्जरः)

पद्मपत्रप्रभः षड्जः ऋषभः शुकपिंजरः ।
कनकाभस्तु गान्धारो मध्यमः कुन्दसप्रभः ॥ padmapatraprabhaḥ ṣaḍjaḥ ṛṣabhaḥ śukapiṃjaraḥ |
kanakābhastu gāndhāro madhyamaḥ kundasaprabhaḥ ||

The line

Ṣaḍja (षड्ज) has the light of a lotus leaf. Ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) is parrot yellow. And gāndhāra (गान्धार) is gold colored. Madhyama has the radiance of the jasmine.

नेपालीमा

षड्ज कमलपातको प्रभाको हो। ऋषभ सुगाको पहेँलो हो। गान्धार सुनको रङको हो। मध्यम कुन्दको प्रभाको हो।

Where it sits

Colors are this kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका), not the animal kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका). The Saṅgīta (सङ्गीत) Makaranda (मकरन्द) verses 31 and 32 call pañcama (पञ्चम) white and niṣāda (निषाद) variegated. That list is a different book. The colors sat here are the śikṣā (शिक्षा).

Split: padmapatraprabhaḥ (पद्मपत्रप्रभः) + ṣaḍjaḥ (षड्जः) + ṛṣabhaḥ (ऋषभः) + śukapiṃjaraḥ (शुकपिंजरः) + kanakābhaḥ (कनकाभः) + tu (तु) + gāndhāraḥ (गान्धारः) + madhyamaḥ (मध्यमः) + kundasaprabhaḥ (कुन्दसप्रभः)

पञ्चमस्तु भवेत्कृष्णः पीतकं धैवतं विदुः ।
निषादः सर्ववर्णः स्यादित्येताः स्वरवर्णताः ॥ pañcamastu bhavetkṛṣṇaḥ pītakaṃ dhaivataṃ viduḥ |
niṣādaḥ sarvavarṇaḥ syādityetāḥ svaravarṇatāḥ ||

The line

And pañcama (पञ्चम) would be black. They know dhaivata as yellow. Niṣāda (निषाद) would be every color. These are the colors of the notes.

नेपालीमा

पञ्चम कालो हुन्छ। धैवतलाई पहेँलो मान्छन्। निषाद सबै रङको हुन्छ। यी स्वरका रङ हुन्।

Where it sits

Black for pañcama (पञ्चम) is this śikṣā (शिक्षा). The Makaranda (मकरन्द) color list differs, and that disagreement stays on the previous sitting.

Split: pañcamaḥ (पञ्चमः) + tu (तु) + bhavet (भवेत्) + kṛṣṇaḥ (कृष्णः) + pītakam (पीतकम्) + dhaivatam (धैवतम्) + viduḥ (विदुः) + niṣādaḥ (निषादः) + sarvavarṇaḥ (सर्ववर्णः) + syāt (स्यात्) + iti (इति) + etāḥ (एताः) + svaravarṇatāḥ (स्वरवर्णताः)

अग्निगीतः स्वरः षड्ज ऋषभो ब्रह्मणोच्यते ।
सोमेन गीती गान्धारो विष्णुना मध्यमः स्वरः ॥ agnigītaḥ svaraḥ ṣaḍja ṛṣabho brahmaṇocyate |
somena gītī gāndhāro viṣṇunā madhyamaḥ svaraḥ ||

The line

The note ṣaḍja (षड्ज) is sung by Agni. Ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) is said to be Brahmā (ब्रह्मा)'s. Gāndhāra (गान्धार) is sung by Soma. The note madhyama is sung by Viṣṇu (विष्णु).

नेपालीमा

स्वर षड्ज अग्निले गाइएको हो। ऋषभ ब्रह्माको भनिन्छ। गान्धार सोमले गाइएको हो। मध्यम स्वर विष्णुले गाइएको हो।

Where it sits

This is who sings. Verse 5.15, sat below, names deities, and it gives ṣaḍja (षड्ज) to Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) and ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) to Agni. The two lists are both in this kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका). They are not smoothed into one.

Split: agnigītaḥ (अग्निगीतः) + svaraḥ (स्वरः) + ṣaḍjaḥ (षड्जः) + ṛṣabhaḥ (ऋषभः) + brahmaṇaḥ (ब्रह्मणः) + ucyate (उच्यते) + somena (सोमेन) + gītaḥ (गीतः) + gāndhāraḥ (गान्धारः) + viṣṇunā (विष्णुना) + madhyamaḥ (मध्यमः)

पञ्चमस्तु स्वरो गीतो नारदेन महात्मना ।
धैवतश्च निषादश्च गीतौ तुम्बुरुणा स्वरौ ॥ pañcamastu svaro gīto nāradena mahātmanā |
dhaivataśca niṣādaśca gītau tumburuṇā svarau ||

The line

And the note pañcama (पञ्चम) is sung by the great souled Nārada (नारद). Dhaivata and niṣāda (निषाद), the two notes, are sung by Tumburu.

नेपालीमा

पञ्चम स्वर महात्मा नारदले गाइएको हो। धैवत र निषाद दुवै स्वर तुम्बुरुले गाइएका हुन्।

Where it sits

Nārada (नारद) here is the singer of pañcama (पञ्चम), inside the śikṣā (शिक्षा). His vīṇā (वीणा) is a later page, the vīṇā (वीणा).

Split: pañcamaḥ (पञ्चमः) + tu (तु) + svaraḥ (स्वरः) + gītaḥ (गीतः) + nāradena (नारदेन) + mahātmanā (महात्मना) + dhaivataḥ (धैवतः) + ca (च) + niṣādaḥ (निषादः) + gītau (गीतौ) + tumburuṇā (तुम्बुरुणा) + svarau (स्वरौ)

आद्यस्य दैवतं ब्रह्मा षड्जस्याप्युच्यते बुधैः ।
तीक्ष्णदीप्तिप्रकाशत्वादृषभस्य हुताशनः ॥ ādyasya daivataṃ brahmā ṣaḍjasyāpyucyate budhaiḥ |
tīkṣṇadīptiprakāśatvād ṛṣabhasya hutāśanaḥ ||

The line

The wise also call Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) the deity of the first, of ṣaḍja (षड्ज). Because of his sharp blazing light, ṛṣabha (ऋषभ)'s deity is the fire.

नेपालीमा

बुधहरूले प्रथमको, षड्जको, देवता ब्रह्मा पनि भन्छन्। तीक्ष्ण दीप्तिको प्रकाश भएकाले ऋषभको देवता अग्नि हो।

Where it sits

Set this beside verse 5.13. There Agni sings ṣaḍja (षड्ज) and ṛṣabha (ऋषभ) is said of Brahmā (ब्रह्मा). Here Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) is the deity of ṣaḍja (षड्ज) and the fire is the deity of ṛṣabha (ऋषभ). The chapter says both.

Split: ādyasya (आद्यस्य) + daivatam (दैवतम्) + brahmā (ब्रह्मा) + ṣaḍjasya (षड्जस्य) + api (अपि) + ucyate (उच्यते) + budhaiḥ (बुधैः) + tīkṣṇadīptiprakāśatvāt (तीक्ष्णदीप्तिप्रकाशत्वात्) + ṛṣabhasya (ऋषभस्य) + hutāśanaḥ (हुताशनः)

सोमस्तु पञ्चमस्यापि दैवतं ब्रह्मराट्स्मृतम् ।
निर्ह्रासो यस्य वृद्धिश्च ग्राममासाद्य सोमवत् ॥ somastu pañcamasyāpi daivataṃ brahmarāṭsmṛtam |
nirhrāso yasya vṛddhiśca grāmamāsādya somavat ||

The line

And Soma, Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) the king, is remembered as the deity of pañcama (पञ्चम) too. His decrease and his increase, once a grāma (ग्राम) is reached, are like the moon.

नेपालीमा

पञ्चमको देवता पनि ब्रह्मराट् सोम सम्झिन्छन्। ग्राममा पुगेपछि जसको घट्नु र बढ्नु चन्द्रमा जस्तै हो।

Where it sits

Verse 5.14 had Nārada (नारद) sing pañcama (पञ्चम). This verse gives the deity to Soma. Verse 5.16, not sat, says the cows are pleased when gāndhāra (गान्धार) is sung. It does not name a deity. Verse 5.18 derives the name dhaivata (धैवत) and does not name a god.

Split: somaḥ (सोमः) + tu (तु) + pañcamasya (पञ्चमस्य) + api (अपि) + daivatam (दैवतम्) + brahmarāṭ (ब्रह्मराट्) + smṛtam (स्मृतम्) + nirhrāsaḥ (निर्ह्रासः) + yasya (यस्य) + vṛddhiḥ (वृद्धिः) + ca (च) + grāmam (ग्रामम्) + āsādya (आसाद्य) + somavat (सोमवत्)

निषीदन्ति स्वरा यस्मान्निषादस्तेन हेतुना ।
सर्वांश्चाभिभवत्येष यदादित्योऽस्य दैवतमिति ॥ niṣīdanti svarā yasmānniṣādastena hetunā |
sarvāṃścābhibhavatyeṣa yadādityo 'sya daivatamiti ||

The line

Because the notes sit down, it is niṣāda (निषाद), for that reason. And this one overcomes them all, in that Āditya (आदित्य) is its deity.

नेपालीमा

स्वरहरू बस्ने भएकाले निषाद हो, त्यो कारणले। यसले ती सबैलाई जित्छ, किनकि आदित्य यसको देवता हो।

Where it sits

With 5.15 and 5.17, the deities this kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका) actually names are Brahmā (ब्रह्मा) for ṣaḍja (षड्ज), fire for ṛṣabha (ऋषभ), Soma for pañcama (पञ्चम), and Āditya (आदित्य) for niṣāda (निषाद). gāndhāra (गान्धार), madhyama (मध्यम), and dhaivata (धैवत) have singers in 5.13 and 5.14, and no deity name in this kaṇḍikā (कण्डिका). The next sitting is a different book's list.

Split: niṣīdanti (निषीदन्ति) + svarāḥ (स्वराः) + yasmāt (यस्मात्) + niṣādaḥ (निषादः) + tena (तेन) + hetunā (हेतुना) + sarvān (सर्वान्) + ca (च) + abhibhavati (अभिभवति) + eṣaḥ (एषः) + yat (यत्) + ādityaḥ (आदित्यः) + asya (अस्य) + daivatam (दैवतम्) + iti (इति)

वह्निर्ब्रह्मा शारदा च शर्वश्रीनाथभास्कराः ।
गणेश्वरादयो देवाः षड्जादीनां तु देवताः ॥ vahnirbrahmā śāradā ca śarvaśrīnāthabhāskarāḥ |
gaṇeśvarādayo devāḥ ṣaḍjādīnāṃ tu devatāḥ ||

The line

Fire, Brahmā (ब्रह्मा), Śāradā (शारदा), Śarva (शर्व), Śrīnātha (श्रीनाथ), Bhāskara (भास्कर), and Gaṇeśvara (गणेश्वर) and the rest are the deities of ṣaḍja (षड्ज) and the notes that follow.

नेपालीमा

अग्नि, ब्रह्मा, शारदा, शर्व, श्रीनाथ, भास्कर, र गणेश्वर आदि षड्जदेखिका देवता हुन्।

Where it sits

This is the Makaranda (मकरन्द), not the śikṣā (शिक्षा). The order of names can be laid on the seven notes, and ādayaḥ (आदयः) leaves the last place open. It does not match 5.13 or 5.15. Both books are sat so the disagreement stays visible. The cry of the notes is practiced in Eastern singing.

Split: vahniḥ (वह्निः) + brahmā (ब्रह्मा) + śāradā (शारदा) + ca (च) + śarvaśrīnāthabhāskarāḥ (शर्वश्रीनाथभास्कराः) + gaṇeśvarādayaḥ (गणेश्वरादयः) + devāḥ (देवाः) + ṣaḍjādīnām (षड्जादीनाम्) + tu (तु) + devatāḥ (देवताः)