The pramāṇas / What is not counted apart
What Nyāya (न्याय) will not count apart
Summary
This page gathers what Nyāya (न्याय) will not count as its own means. Presumption, absence grasped as a separate instrument, and gesture or tradition when someone offers them as further pramāṇas (प्रमाण), are folded back into the four or refused. The point of the page is the border of the list, not a new definition.
नेपालीमा
यो पृष्ठले न्यायले आफ्नै साधन नगन्ने कुरा जम्मा गर्छ। अर्थापत्ति, छुट्टै साधनझैँ समातिएको अभाव, र अरू प्रमाणका रूपमा दिइएका चेष्टा वा ऐतिह्य चारभित्र पर्छन् वा अस्वीकार हुन्छन्। पृष्ठको मतलब सूचीको सिमाना हो, नयाँ परिभाषा होइन।
Nyāya (न्याय) 1.1.3 names four means. 2.2.1 objects that four names more are also means. 2.2.2 answers, and the fourfold count stands.
The four offered names
- aitihya (ऐतिह्य), tradition. 'They say,' with no reliable person named. 2.2.2 places it inside word. A report that cannot name an āpta (आप्त) is word, or it is not a means. It is not a fifth.
- arthāpatti (अर्थापत्ति), postulation. Placed inside inference. The postulation page reads both. 2.2.3 raises the objection that postulation is inconclusive. 2.2.4 answers it.
- sambhava (सम्भव), inclusion. A hundred includes fifty, and the fifty is known from the hundred. Nyāya (न्याय) takes that step as inference from a mark.
- abhāva (अभाव), absence, the same family as non-apprehension. Placed inside inference. The non-apprehension page reads both. 2.2.7 raises the objection that absence is not a means. 2.2.8 onward answer it.
The verdict in 2.2.2 is apratiṣedhaḥ (अप्रतिषेधः). The rejection of the fourfold count does not come off. Nyāya (न्याय) keeps postulation and absence valid, but folds them into inference.
न्यायले अर्थापत्ति र अभावलाई मान्य राख्छ, तर अनुमानभित्र राख्छ। २.२.३ र २.२.७ आपत्ति हुन्। तिनको जवाफ २.२.४ र २.२.८ देखि आउँछ।
The electronic line
The file of 2.2.2 writes the second reason as arthāpattisambhavābhāvānarthāntara bhāvāt (अर्थापत्तिसम्भवाभावानर्थान्तर भावात्), with a space before bhāvāt (भावात्). The genitive plural is missing, and anarthāntara (अनर्थान्तर) has been pulled into the compound. The sitting teaches arthāpatti-sambhava-abhāvānām (अर्थापत्ति-सम्भव-अभावानाम्) anarthāntara-bhāvāt (अनर्थान्तर-भावात्), and it says what the file had. Read the sitting. A gloss that split aitihya (ऐतिह्य) into scraps was the old generated page. It is not the reading.
Sāṅkhya (साङ्ख्य) kārikā (कारिका) 4 does a shorter version of this job in one ablative, sarvapramāṇasiddhatvāt (सर्वप्रमाणसिद्धत्वात्): every means gets its standing from the three. Comparison, postulation, and the rest are already inside perception, inference, and trusted speech, on that verse.