1.1.3
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.3
प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि
pratyakṣānumānopamānaśabdāḥ pramāṇāni
The line
Perception, inference, comparison, and word are the means of knowing.
नेपालीमा
प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान र शब्द जान्ने साधन हुन्।
Where it sits
pramāṇa (प्रमाण) from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. Nothing from 1.1.2 has to be supplied.
Split: pratyakṣa-anumāna-upamāna-śabdāḥ (प्रत्यक्ष-अनुमान-उपमान-शब्दाः) + pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pratyakṣa-anumāna-upamāna-śabdāḥ (प्रत्यक्ष-अनुमान-उपमान-शब्दाः) | nominative plural, masculine | perception, inference, comparison, and word |
| pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि) | nominative plural, neuter | the means of knowing |
The phrases
Four names, one predicate. pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) is knowing by the senses. anumāna (अनुमान) is knowing by a sign. upamāna (उपमान) is knowing by likeness to something already familiar. śabda (शब्द) is knowing from a reliable statement.
The dvandva is masculine because the last name, śabda (शब्द), is masculine. pramāṇāni (प्रमाणानि) is neuter plural. The line equates the two lists anyway. This is the whole account of pramāṇa (प्रमाण) for now. Each of the four is defined next.
Sanskrit in this line
śabdāḥ (शब्दाः) is nominative plural, so the last member keeps the plural of the whole dvandva. The four are coordinate, not a chain.
Say it back
Name the four pramāṇas (प्रमाण) in this order before the next line.