Lesson 105: Short Words in the Verse
Index · Lesson 104: From the End · Lesson 106: The Prefix अ
Lesson 30: Small Words already has च, वा, अपि, एव, न, यदि, इति, इव, कुत्र, कदा, कथम्, अत्र, तत्र, and पुनः. A śloka uses those, and it uses a shorter set beside them. These words do not take the eight endings.
त्वा, मे, and ते are the short pronouns. They do not start a sentence. त्वा is the object “you,” the short त्वाम्. मे is “of me” or “to me,” the short मम or मह्यम्. ते is “of you” or “to you,” the short तव or तुभ्यम्. ते is also the plural subject “they,” from Lesson 3: Verb Plural. If ते is the subject of a plural verb, it means “they.” If it sits beside a noun, it means “your” or “to you.”
| Word | Meaning | Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| हि | indeed | सः हि पठति। | ऊ पढ्छ नै। Said सो हि. This book still writes सः. |
| तु | but, and now | अहं पठामि सः तु गच्छति। | म पढ्छु, ऊ भने जान्छ। A small turn. |
| त्वा | you, object | अहं त्वा पश्यामि। | म तिमीलाई हेर्छु। The short त्वाम्. |
| वै | indeed | सः वै गुरुः अस्ति। | ऊ गुरु नै हो। |
| खलु | surely | सः खलु पठति। | ऊ पढ्छ निश्चय नै। |
| अथ | now | अथ सः पठति। | अब ऊ पढ्छ। |
| इह | here | इह तिष्ठामि। | यहाँ उभिन्छु। Verses prefer इह to अत्र. |
| क्व | where | क्व तिष्ठसि। | कहाँ उभिन्छौ। The short कुत्र. |
| चेत् | if | सः पठति चेत् अहम् अपि पठामि। | ऊ पढ्छ भने म पनि पढ्छु। चेत् follows the condition. यदि may still stand in front. |
| कश्चित् | someone | कश्चित् पठति। | कोही पढ्छ। कः plus चित्. अः before च् is written अश्, from lesson 102. |
| कदाचन | ever | सः कदाचन न गच्छति। | ऊ कहिल्यै जाँदैन। With न, “never.” |
इदं ते पुस्तकम् अस्ति। “This is your book.” ते is “your,” because it sits beside पुस्तकम्. ते पठन्ति। “They read.” ते is “they,” because पठन्ति is plural.
Practice
- Say अहं त्वा पश्यामि, and name the lesson of the long form त्वाम्.
- Say इदं ते पुस्तकम् अस्ति, then ते पठन्ति, and say which ते is “your.”
- Open कश्चित् into कः and चित्.
Next
Lesson 106: The Prefix अ is अकर्म and अज्ञानम्.