Lesson 30: Small Words
Index · Lesson 29: Mother and Father · Lesson 31: Numbers in Every Case
These words do not take the eight endings. They sit beside a noun or a verb that already has its ending. अद्य, “today,” and श्वः, “tomorrow,” were already in the future lesson. They are listed again so yesterday, today, and tomorrow are in one place.
And, or, also, only
| Word | Meaning | Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| च | and | छात्रः छात्रा च पठतः। | केटा विद्यार्थी र केटी विद्यार्थी पढ्छन्। च goes after the second word, not between them the way “and” does. Two doers, so the verb is the dual पठतः, from Lesson 20: The Dual. |
| च | and | अहं जलं दुग्धं च पिबामि। | म पानी र दूध पिउँछु। पिबामि means “I drink,” from Lesson 15: Eat, Drink, and Write. दुग्धम् means “milk,” दूध. जलम् and दुग्धम् are both objects, written with ं before a consonant. |
| वा | or | त्वं जलं दुग्धं वा पिबसि। | तिमी पानी अथवा दूध पिउँछौ। दुग्धम् is written दुग्धं before वा. वा, like च, follows the second word. |
| अपि | also, even | अहम् अपि पठामि। | म पनि पढ्छु। अहम् keeps म् because अपि starts with a vowel. |
| एव | only, just | सः एव पठति। | ऊ मात्र पढ्छ। Said aloud, सः एव is स एव. This book still writes सः, as Lesson 22: Joining Words does. |
Not, if, thus
| Word | Meaning | Sentence | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| न | not | सः न पठति। | ऊ पढ्दैन। न sits in front of the verb. |
| यदि | if | यदि सः पठति तदा अहम् अपि पठामि। | यदि ऊ पढ्छ भने म पनि पढ्छु। तदा means “then,” तब. |
| इति | thus, end of a quote | सः पठति इति अहं शृणोमि। | ऊ पढ्छ भन्ने कुरा म सुन्छु। इति closes what was said. |
| इव | like | सः गुरुः इव पठति। | ऊ गुरु जस्तै पढ्छ। |
“Do not go,” as a command built from Lesson 19: Commands, is न गच्छ। The classical line is मा स्म गच्छ, in Lesson 47: Do Not Go.
Where, when, how
| Word | Meaning | Sentence | Nepali |
|---|---|---|---|
| कुत्र | where | कुत्र गच्छसि। | कहाँ जान्छौ? |
| कुतः | from where | कुतः आगच्छसि। | कहाँबाट आउँछौ? |
| कदा | when | कदा पठसि। | कहिले पढ्छौ? |
| कथम् | how | कथं पठसि। | कसरी पढ्छौ? कथम् is written कथं before a consonant. |
| अत्र | here | अत्र पठामि। | यहाँ पढ्छु। Already in the earlier lessons. |
| तत्र | there | तत्र गच्छामि। | त्यहाँ जान्छु। |
| अधुना | now | अधुना पठामि। | अहिले पढ्छु। |
| पुनः | again | पुनः पठामि। | फेरि पढ्छु। |
| ह्यः | yesterday | ह्यः अहम् अगच्छम्। | हिजो म गएँ। |
| अद्य | today | अद्य पठामि। | आज पढ्छु। |
| श्वः | tomorrow | श्वः गमिष्यामि। | भोलि जानेछु। The future is Lesson 23: The Future. |
My, your, our
मम means “my,” and मह्यम् means “for me.” Those are Lesson 10: I and You. मे is the short word for both jobs. ते is the short word for तव, “your,” and for तुभ्यम्, “for you.” नः is the short word for “our” and “for us.” वः is the short word for “your” and “for you,” said to more than one.
मे, ते, नः, and वः do not stand first. They follow another word. मम and तव may stand first.
| Sentence | Meaning |
|---|---|
| इदं मे पुस्तकम् अस्ति। | This is my book. यो मेरो पुस्तक हो। The same job as इदं मम पुस्तकम् अस्ति। |
| इदं ते पुस्तकम् अस्ति। | This is your book, said to one friend. यो तिम्रो पुस्तक हो। |
| इदं नः पुस्तकम् अस्ति। | This is our book. यो हाम्रो पुस्तक हो। |
| इदं वः पुस्तकम् अस्ति। | This is your book, said to more than one. यो तिम्रो पुस्तक हो, तिमीहरूलाई। |
Practice
- Say छात्रः छात्रा च पठतः, “the man student and the woman student study.”
- Say सः न पठति, “he does not study,” then यदि सः पठति तदा अहम् अपि पठामि.
- Say इदं मे पुस्तकम् अस्ति, “this is my book,” then इदं ते पुस्तकम् अस्ति.
Next
Lesson 31: Numbers in Every Case is एक through दश in the jobs that are not only the subject.