1.6
प्रमाणविपर्ययविकल्पनिद्रास्मृतयः
pramāṇa-viparyaya-vikalpa-nidrā-smṛtayaḥ
The line
The five are valid knowing, error, conceptualization, sleep, and memory.
नेपालीमा
ती पाँच यी हुन्: प्रमाण, विपर्यय, विकल्प, निद्रा र स्मृति।
Where it sits
Nothing here is called evil. Sleep and memory and even valid knowing are activities of the mind. They are named so they can be recognized, which is the first move toward the stilling in 1.2.
Split: pramāṇa (प्रमाण) + viparyaya (विपर्यय) + vikalpa (विकल्प) + nidrā (निद्रा) + smṛtayaḥ (स्मृतयः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pramāṇa (प्रमाण) | stem, inside the compound | valid knowing. A cognition that gets its object right. |
| viparyaya (विपर्यय) | stem | error. Knowing that has turned the wrong way. |
| vikalpa (विकल्प) | stem | conceptualization. A construction made out of words. |
| nidrā (निद्रा) | stem | sleep. |
| smṛtayaḥ (स्मृतयः) | nominative plural of smṛti (स्मृति) | memory. The plural ending belongs to the whole list. |
The phrases
This is a dvandva of five, the five promised by pañcatayyaḥ (पञ्चतय्यः). The subject vṛttayaḥ (वृत्तयः) is still in force from 1.5. The line is a list, not a new sentence with a verb.
Only smṛti (स्मृति) is declined, and it is declined plural because the list is plural: smṛtayaḥ (स्मृतयः).
The five phrases, in the order the line gives them:
- valid knowing
- error
- conceptualization
- sleep
- memory
Each one is defined in 1.7 through 1.11, in this same order. The book is telling you the schedule.
Sanskrit in this line
In a long dvandva, do not look for an ending on each member. The last member carries the case for everyone. If you can find the joints, you can already read 1.6, before you know the philosophy of the five.
The joints here are vocabulary, not sandhi. Say them as five beats.
Say it back
Recite the five in Sanskrit, in order, with one English word each. The order matters, because 1.7 starts at the first.
Next
1.7. Perception, inference, and testimony are the valid knowings.