4.1.11
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 4 / 4.1.11
व्यक्ताद् व्यक्तानाम्, प्रत्यक्षप्रामाण्यात्
vyaktād vyaktānām, pratyakṣaprāmāṇyāt
The line
Because of vyakta (व्यक्त), a compound: vyaktā (व्यक्ता), and by name, indeed, because of a compound: direct, and being a means of knowing.
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 4. Examines action, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release, and then the whole and the part. The words of this line are the ones to keep. A shorter line after this one may leave them unsaid.
Split: vyaktād (व्यक्ताद्) + vyaktā-nāma (व्यक्ता-नाम) + pratyakṣa-prāmāṇyāt (प्रत्यक्ष-प्रामाण्यात्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| vyaktād (व्यक्ताद्) | ablative singular | vyakta (व्यक्त) |
| vyaktā-nāma (व्यक्ता-नाम) | a compound, the ending is on the last member | a compound: vyaktā (व्यक्ता), and by name, indeed. Read it from the end |
| pratyakṣa-prāmāṇyāt (प्रत्यक्ष-प्रामाण्यात्) | ablative singular | a compound: direct, and being a means of knowing. Read it from the end |
The phrases
vyaktād (व्यक्ताद्) is vyakta (व्यक्त). It stands as ablative singular. vyaktā-nāma (व्यक्ता-नाम) is a compound: vyaktā (व्यक्ता), and by name, indeed. Read it from the end. It stands as a compound, the ending is on the last member.
pratyakṣa-prāmāṇyāt (प्रत्यक्ष-प्रामाण्यात्) is a compound: direct, and being a means of knowing. Read it from the end. It stands as ablative singular.
Sanskrit in this line
pratyakṣa-prāmāṇyāt (प्रत्यक्ष-प्रामाण्यात्) is one compound. The hyphen is a teaching mark. Only the last member wears the case.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss vyaktād (व्यक्ताद्) and vyaktā-nāma (व्यक्ता-नाम).
Next
4.1.12. Not because of ghaṭa (घट), of ghaṭaniṣpatta (घटनिष्पत्त).