Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र)
Executive summary
The Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र) is a book about a proved conclusion. Knowing the sixteen topics as they are is how the highest good is reached. The first topic is a means of knowing, and Gautama names four: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. The second topic is what there is to know, and the self stands first on that list. Five books examine the list, the means, the objects, the fruits of action, and the ways a debate is lost.
नेपालीमा
न्यायसूत्र सिद्ध निष्कर्षको पुस्तक हो। सोह्र पदार्थ यथार्थ जान्नु नै परम कल्याणको बाटो हो। पहिलो पदार्थ प्रमाण हो, र गौतमले चार प्रमाणको नाम लिन्छन्: प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान र शब्द। दोस्रो पदार्थ प्रमेय हो, र आत्मा त्यस सूचीको पहिलो हो। पाँच अध्यायले सूची, प्रमाण, वस्तु, कर्मफल, र वाद हार्ने ठाउँ जाँच्छन्।
Nyāya (न्याय) is the system of a proved conclusion. The book is the Nyāya-sūtra (न्याय-सूत्र) of Akṣapāda (अक्षपाद) Gautama. The traditional companion is Vātsyāyana (वात्स्यायन)'s Nyāya-bhāṣya (न्याय-भाष्य). The sitting reads the line before leaning on him.
The first line lists sixteen topics and says that knowing them as they are is how one reaches the highest good. The first topic is pramāṇa (प्रमाण), a means of knowing. Gautama names four: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. The second topic is prameya (प्रमेय), what there is to know, and the self is the first object on that list.
This electronic text has 533 sūtras (सूत्र) in five books. Some printed editions say 528. From 5.1 on, a few compounds in the electronic file are damaged. The sitting uses the standard list of the twenty-four rejoinders when it reaches that line.
The pair is Vaiśeṣika (वैशेषिक). Nyāya (न्याय) says how you know. Vaiśeṣika (वैशेषिक) says what there is. A claim about an atom, a self, or a quality has to pass Nyāya (न्याय)'s test for a reason. The primer read just before this book is Annambhaṭṭa (अन्नम्भट्ट)'s Tarka-Saṃgraha (तर्कसंग्रह).
533 of 533 lines are written out word by word.
The word-by-word glosses on the part pages were generated automatically and have not all been reviewed.
भाग-पृष्ठका शब्दार्थ स्वचालित रूपमा बनाइएका हुन्, र सबै जाँचिएका छैनन्।
Chapters
- Adhyāya 161 of 61 written. Begin at 1.1.1Names the sixteen topics and defines them. The second day's lesson defines debate and the five failed reasons.
- Adhyāya 2140 of 140 written. Begin at 2.1.1Examines doubt, and then examines the means of knowing one by one.
- Adhyāya 3145 of 145 written. Begin at 3.1.1Examines the objects: the self, the body, the senses, the mind.
- Adhyāya 4119 of 119 written. Begin at 4.1.1Examines action, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release, and then the whole and the part.
- Adhyāya 568 of 68 written. Begin at 5.1.1The false rejoinders, called jāti (जाति), and the points on which a debate is lost.