Lesson 101: The Joined Quarter
Index · Lesson 100: What You Can Read · Lesson 102: The Visarga in the Quarter
Lesson 93: Vowels That Meet names four joins the ear hears. A printed śloka writes the join, and the words are no longer apart. This lesson is how to open that line. The sentences of this book still write the words apart, so the ending stays visible.
Three families cover the vowels.
अ or आ meets a vowel and the two become one vowel. अ or आ meets अ or आ and becomes आ. अ or आ meets इ or ई and becomes ए. अ or आ meets उ or ऊ and becomes ओ. अ or आ meets ऋ and becomes अर्. अ or आ meets ए or ऐ and becomes ऐ. अ or आ meets ओ or औ and becomes औ.
इ, ई, उ, ऊ, or ऋ meets a different vowel and becomes a consonant. इ or ई becomes य्. उ or ऊ becomes व्. ऋ becomes र्. The same vowel meeting itself grows long: इ meets इ and becomes ई, उ meets उ and becomes ऊ.
ए or ओ meets अ and stays, and the अ is marked with ऽ. That mark is the avagraha. ए or ओ meets any other vowel and becomes अ, and the next vowel stays.
| Apart, as this book writes it | Written in a verse | The rule |
|---|---|---|
| ज्ञानम् अवाप्नोति | ज्ञानमवाप्नोति | म् stays before a vowel, and the words are written as one run. |
| एव अधिकारः | एवाधिकारः | अ meets अ and becomes आ. |
| कर्मणि एव | कर्मण्येव | इ meets ए and becomes य्. |
| अस्तु अकर्मणि | अस्त्वकर्मणि | उ meets अ and becomes व्. |
| वने अस्ति | वनेऽस्ति | ए meets अ. ए stays, and ऽ stands for the dropped अ. |
| सङ्गः अस्तु | सङ्गोऽस्तु | अः meets अ. The visarga part is Lesson 102: The Visarga in the Quarter. The ऽ is this lesson. |
सङ्गः means “attachment,” आसक्ति. It is like छात्रः. The class nasal ङ् is part of the word.
| Sentence, as this book writes it | The verse writes |
|---|---|
| ज्ञानम् अवाप्नोति। | ज्ञानमवाप्नोति. “He obtains knowledge.” अवाप्नोति is Lesson 108: He Obtains. |
| कर्मणि एव। | कर्मण्येव. “In the action alone.” कर्मणि is the in-form of कर्म, from Lesson 64: The Deed. एव is “alone,” from Lesson 30: Small Words. |
Practice
- Open ज्ञानमवाप्नोति into ज्ञानम् and अवाप्नोति.
- Open कर्मण्येव into कर्मणि and एव.
- Open वनेऽस्ति into वने and अस्ति, and say what ऽ stands for.
Next
Lesson 102: The Visarga in the Quarter is the visarga written as र्, as ओ, or as स्.