1.1.10
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.10
इच्छाद्वेषप्रयत्नसुखदुःखज्ञानान्यात्मनो लिङ्गमिति
icchādveṣaprayatnasukhaduḥkhajñānāny ātmano liṅgam iti
The line
Desire, aversion, effort, pleasure, pain, and knowing are the mark of the self.
नेपालीमा
इच्छा, द्वेष, प्रयत्न, सुख, दुःख र ज्ञान आत्माको चिह्न हुन्।
Where it sits
ātman (आत्मन्) from 1.1.9 is the prameya being marked. liṅga (लिङ्ग) is new. It will be used again for the mind.
Split: icchā-dveṣa-prayatna-sukha-duḥkha-jñānāni (इच्छा-द्वेष-प्रयत्न-सुख-दुःख-ज्ञानानि) + ātmanaḥ (आत्मनः) + liṅgam (लिङ्गम्) + iti (इति)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| icchā-dveṣa-prayatna-sukha-duḥkha-jñānāni (इच्छा-द्वेष-प्रयत्न-सुख-दुःख-ज्ञानानि) | nominative plural, neuter | desire, aversion, effort, pleasure, pain, and knowing |
| ātmanaḥ (आत्मनः) | genitive singular, masculine | of the self |
| liṅgam (लिङ्गम्) | nominative singular, neuter | the mark |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | so, closing the statement |
The phrases
The self is not seen the way a pot is seen. One knows it by a mark. The mark is a set of states: wanting, hating, striving, pleasure, pain, and knowing.
These are qualities that need a lasting bearer. The body is not that bearer in this definition. ātmanaḥ (आत्मनः) is genitive, 'of the self'. liṅga (लिङ्ग) is the sign from which one infers that bearer. iti closes the definition.
Sanskrit in this line
jñānāni (ज्ञानानि) before ātmanaḥ (आत्मनः) is recited jñānāny (ज्ञानान्य्), because final i becomes y before a vowel. ātmanaḥ (आत्मनः) before liṅgam (लिङ्गम्) is recited ātmano (आत्मनो).
Say it back
List the six marks, and say they are liṅga (लिङ्ग) of ātman (आत्मन्).
Next
1.1.11. The body is the seat of effort, of the senses, and of objects.