1.1.9
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.9
आत्मशरीरेन्द्रियार्थबुद्धिमनःप्रवृत्तिदोषप्रेत्यभावफलदुःखापवर्गास् तु प्रमेयम्
ātmaśarīrendriyārthabuddhimanaḥpravṛttidoṣapretyabhāvaphaladuḥkhāpavargās tu prameyam
The line
The knowable, for its part, is self, body, sense, object, awareness, mind, activity, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release.
नेपालीमा
प्रमेयचाहिँ आत्मा, शरीर, इन्द्रिय, विषय, बोध, मन, प्रवृत्ति, दोष, पुनर्जन्म, फल, दुःख र मोक्ष हो।
Where it sits
prameya from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. apavarga from 1.1.2 is one member of this list, not a word that has to be borrowed to complete the sentence.
Split: ātma-śarīra-indriya-artha-buddhi-manaḥ-pravṛtti-doṣa-pretyabhāva-phala-duḥkha-apavargāḥ (आत्म-शरीर-इन्द्रिय-अर्थ-बुद्धि-मनः-प्रवृत्ति-दोष-प्रेत्यभाव-फल-दुःख-अपवर्गाः) + tu (तु) + prameyam (प्रमेयम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| ātma-śarīra-indriya-artha-buddhi-manaḥ-pravṛtti-doṣa-pretyabhāva-phala-duḥkha-apavargāḥ (आत्म-शरीर-इन्द्रिय-अर्थ-बुद्धि-मनः-प्रवृत्ति-दोष-प्रेत्यभाव-फल-दुःख-अपवर्गाः) | nominative plural, masculine | self, body, sense, object, awareness, mind, activity, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release |
| tu (तु) | indeclinable | and now |
| prameyam (प्रमेयम्) | nominative singular, neuter | the knowable |
The phrases
tu turns the lesson from the means of knowing to what is known. Twelve names follow. They are the prameya that this chapter will take one by one.
ātman (आत्मन्) is the self. śarīra (शरीर) is the body. indriya is the sense. artha is the object of a sense. buddhi is awareness. manas is the mind. pravṛtti (प्रवृत्ति) is activity. doṣa (दोष) is a fault that drives activity. pretyabhāva (प्रेत्यभाव) is existence after death. phala is the fruit of action. duḥkha (दुःख) is pain. apavarga is release.
The list is plural and prameyam is singular. The twelve together are what counts as the knowable for the path to release. Several of these words already appeared in the series of 1.1.2. There they were the chain to be removed. Here they are items to be known.
Sanskrit in this line
Inside the compound, manas before pravṛtti (प्रवृत्ति) is written manaḥ (मनः). The nominative plural apavargāḥ (अपवर्गाः) before tu is recited apavargās (अपवर्गास्). The last member apavarga is masculine, so the dvandva is masculine plural.
Say it back
Count the twelve prameyas in order. The next lines define them from the self onward.
Next
1.1.10. Desire, aversion, effort, pleasure, pain, and knowing are the mark of the self.