1.1.2
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.2
दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोषमिथ्याज्ञानानामुत्तरोत्तरापाये तदनन्तरापायादपवर्गः
duḥkhajanmapravṛttidoṣamithyājñānānām uttarottarāpāye tadanantarāpāyād apavargaḥ
The line
Release is what remains when pain, birth, activity, fault, and false knowing are removed, each by the removal of the next.
नेपालीमा
दुःख, जन्म, प्रवृत्ति, दोष र मिथ्याज्ञान मध्ये हरेक आफ्नो पछि आउनेको हटाइले हट्छ, र जे रहन्छ त्यो मोक्ष हो।
Where it sits
niḥśreyasa (निःश्रेयस) from 1.1.1 is the topic still in force. This line gives it the name apavarga and the series whose ending it is.
Split: duḥkha-janma-pravṛtti-doṣa-mithyā-ajñānānām (दुःख-जन्म-प्रवृत्ति-दोष-मिथ्या-अज्ञानानाम्) + uttara-uttara-apāye (उत्तर-उत्तर-अपाये) + tad-anantara-apāyāt (तद्-अनन्तर-अपायात्) + apavargaḥ (अपवर्गः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| duḥkha-janma-pravṛtti-doṣa-mithyā-ajñānānām (दुःख-जन्म-प्रवृत्ति-दोष-मिथ्या-अज्ञानानाम्) | genitive plural, neuter | of pain, birth, activity, fault, and false knowing |
| uttara-uttara-apāye (उत्तर-उत्तर-अपाये) | locative singular, masculine | when each later one is removed |
| tad-anantara-apāyāt (तद्-अनन्तर-अपायात्) | ablative singular, masculine | from the removal of the one that comes next |
| apavargaḥ (अपवर्गः) | nominative singular, masculine | release |
The phrases
Read the compound from the last effect back to the first cause. Pain comes from birth, birth from activity, activity from faults, faults from false knowing.
uttarottara means each next item in that list. When the later one is removed, the one before it can go. tadanantara is the one standing next after a given item. Remove false knowing, and the fault next to it has nothing to stand on. Then activity, then birth, then pain.
apavarga is that finished removal. It is the highest good named in the opening line, now said as release from the series.
Sanskrit in this line
The pāṭha (पाठ) file splits tadanantarāpāyāt (तदनन्तरापायात्) into tadanantarā (तदनन्तरा) and pāyāt (पायात्). It is one word, tad-anantara-apāya (तद्-अनन्तर-अपाय) in the ablative. Before the vowel of apavargaḥ (अपवर्गः) the final t is recited as d.
Say it back
Gloss the five from pain back to false knowing, and say that apavarga is their successive removal.
Next
1.1.3. The means of knowing are perception, inference, comparison, and word.