1.1.23
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.23
समानानेकधर्मोपपत्तेर् विप्रतिपत्तेरुपलब्ध्यनुपलब्ध्यव्यवस्थातश् च विशेषापेक्षो विमर्शः संशयः
samānānekadharmopapatter vipratipatter upalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthātaś ca viśeṣāpekṣo vimarśaḥ saṃśayaḥ
The line
Doubt is a wavering that depends on a distinguisher, and it arises from a common property together with several properties, from conflicting views, or from perception and non-perception being unsettled.
नेपालीमा
संशय छुट्याउने कुरामा अडिएको डगमग हो। त्यो साझा धर्म र अनेक धर्मबाट, बाझिने मतबाट, वा उपलब्धि र अनुपलब्धि अस्थिर भएकाले उठ्छ।
Where it sits
saṃśaya (संशय) from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. The prameya section has closed with apavarga. No word from 1.1.22 has to be supplied.
Split: samāna-aneka-dharma-upapatteḥ (समान-अनेक-धर्म-उपपत्तेः) + vipratipatteḥ (विप्रतिपत्तेः) + upalabdhi-anupalabdhi-avyavasthātaḥ (उपलब्धि-अनुपलब्धि-अव्यवस्थातः) + ca (च) + viśeṣa-apekṣaḥ (विशेष-अपेक्षः) + vimarśaḥ (विमर्शः) + saṃśayaḥ (संशयः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| samāna-aneka-dharma-upapatteḥ (समान-अनेक-धर्म-उपपत्तेः) | ablative singular, feminine | from the presence of a property that is common and of properties that are several |
| vipratipatteḥ (विप्रतिपत्तेः) | ablative singular, feminine | from conflicting cognitions |
| upalabdhi-anupalabdhi-avyavasthātaḥ (उपलब्धि-अनुपलब्धि-अव्यवस्थातः) | ablative singular, feminine | from the unsettled state of perception and non-perception |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and |
| viśeṣa-apekṣaḥ (विशेष-अपेक्षः) | nominative singular, masculine | depending on a distinguishing feature |
| vimarśaḥ (विमर्शः) | nominative singular, masculine | a wavering consideration |
| saṃśayaḥ (संशयः) | nominative singular, masculine | doubt |
The phrases
The predicate is the part to learn first. saṃśaya (संशय) is vimarśa (विमर्श), a turning over of two possibilities, and it is viśeṣāpekṣa (विशेषापेक्ष). It waits on the feature that would decide between them.
Three ablatives give the occasions. First, a property is shared and more than one property is in play. A tall shape in the dusk has something in common with a post and with a person, and it also shows marks of both, so one wavers. Second, vipratipatti: people whose word one trusts assert opposite things about the same subject. Third, one seems to perceive a thing and also fails to get a settled perception, as with water that may be a mirage.
ca sits after the third ablative and joins it to the first two. All three occasions feed the same kind of wavering.
Sanskrit in this line
upapatteḥ (उपपत्तेः), vipratipatteḥ (विप्रतिपत्तेः), and avyavasthātaḥ (अव्यवस्थातः) are three ablatives of source. The ending -taḥ (-तः) on avyavasthā (अव्यवस्था) is the ablative of a feminine ā-stem (आ-स्तेम्). Before ca it is recited avyavasthātaś (अव्यवस्थातश्). viśeṣāpekṣaḥ (विशेषापेक्षः) before vimarśa (विमर्श) is recited viśeṣāpekṣo (विशेषापेक्षो).
Say it back
Define saṃśaya (संशय) as viśeṣāpekṣa (विशेषापेक्ष) vimarśa (विमर्श), and name the three ablative occasions.
Next
1.1.24. The purpose is the thing with a view to which one acts.