1.2.18
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.2.18
साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां प्रत्यवस्थानं जातिः
sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ pratyavasthānaṃ jātiḥ
The line
A futile rejoinder is a counter-stand made by likeness and by unlikeness.
नेपालीमा
जातिको उत्तर सादृश्य र असमानताले खडा गरिएको प्रतिपक्ष हो।
Where it sits
jāti (जाति) from 1.1.1, named again as a tool of jalpa in 1.2.2, is the word being defined. sādharmya (साधर्म्य) and vaidharmya from 1.1.34 and 1.1.35 are in force as the two materials of the rejoinder.
Split: sādharmya-vaidharmyābhyām (साधर्म्य-वैधर्म्याभ्याम्) + pratyavasthānam (प्रत्यवस्थानम्) + jātiḥ (जातिः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| sādharmya-vaidharmyābhyām (साधर्म्य-वैधर्म्याभ्याम्) | instrumental dual, neuter | by likeness and by unlikeness |
| pratyavasthānam (प्रत्यवस्थानम्) | nominative singular, neuter | an opposing stand, a rejoinder |
| jātiḥ (जातिः) | nominative singular, feminine | a futile rejoinder |
The phrases
jāti (जाति) in this book is not a universal and not a biological kind. It is a way of answering. pratyavasthāna (प्रत्यवस्थान) is a counter-stand set against a proof.
The two instruments are sādharmya (साधर्म्य) and vaidharmya, the same pair that a real example uses. Used as a mere rejoinder, likeness or unlikeness obstructs without establishing. This is the general definition. The many named varieties are not given in this line. They belong to the fifth adhyāya (अध्याय).
Sanskrit in this line
The ending -ābhyām (-आभ्याम्) is instrumental dual, and both nouns are neuter. Before pratyavasthāna (प्रत्यवस्थान) the final m is the anusvāra (अनुस्वार), and pratyavasthānam (प्रत्यवस्थानम्) before jātiḥ (जातिः) is likewise recited with anusvāra (अनुस्वार).
Say it back
Gloss jāti (जाति) as pratyavasthāna (प्रत्यवस्थान) through sādharmya (साधर्म्य) and vaidharmya, and leave the varieties for later.
Next
1.2.19. A point of defeat is misunderstanding, or failure to understand.