1.2.4
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.2.4
सव्यभिचारविरुद्धप्रकरणसमसाध्यसमकालातीतार् हेत्वाभासाः
savyabhicāraviruddhaprakaraṇasamasādhyasamakālātītār hetvābhāsāḥ
The line
The straying reason, the contradictory reason, the reason equal to the topic, the reason equal to what is to be proved, and the reason past its time are seeming reasons.
नेपालीमा
भड्किने हेतु, विरोधी हेतु, विषयसरहको हेतु, साध्यसरहको हेतु र समय नाघेको हेतु हेत्वाभास हुन्।
Where it sits
hetvābhāsa (हेत्वाभास) from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. hetu from 1.1.34 is in force as the real thing these only resemble.
Split: savyabhicāra-viruddha-prakaraṇasama-sādhyasama-kālātītāḥ (सव्यभिचार-विरुद्ध-प्रकरणसम-साध्यसम-कालातीताः) + hetu-ābhāsāḥ (हेतु-आभासाः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| savyabhicāra-viruddha-prakaraṇasama-sādhyasama-kālātītāḥ (सव्यभिचार-विरुद्ध-प्रकरणसम-साध्यसम-कालातीताः) | nominative plural, masculine | the straying, the contradictory, the topic-level, the proof-level, and the expired |
| hetu-ābhāsāḥ (हेतु-आभासाः) | nominative plural, masculine | seeming reasons |
The phrases
Five names, and nothing more in this line. A hetvābhāsa (हेत्वाभास) is an ābhāsa (आभास) of a hetu, a semblance of a reason. It is offered as a reason and does not do what 1.1.34 and 1.1.35 require of a reason.
The five are savyabhicāra (सव्यभिचार), viruddha, prakaraṇasama (प्रकरणसम), sādhyasama (साध्यसम), and kālātīta (कालातीत). Each gets a definition in the following lines. This line is the list.
Sanskrit in this line
ābhāsa (आभास) is a semblance, from ā-bhā (आ-भा). The dvandva of five is nominative plural masculine. Before hetvābhāsāḥ (हेत्वाभासाः) the ending āḥ (आः) is recited ār (आर्), because h is voiced.
Say it back
Name the five hetvābhāsas (हेत्वाभास) in order. Do not define them from this line.
Next
1.2.5. The straying reason is the one that does not stay on one side.