4.1.16
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 4 / 4.1.16
न, अतीतानागतयोः कारकशब्दप्रयोगात्
na, atītānāgatayoḥ kārakaśabdaprayogāt
The line
Not of a compound: atītānā (अतीताना), and gone, because of a compound: a factor of an action, a word, and a performance.
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 4. Examines action, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release, and then the whole and the part. The line is short. vyāghā-tāda-prayogaḥ (व्याघा-ताद-प्रयोगः) from 4.1.15 is still in force. A sūtra (सूत्र) leaves a word out when the line before still holds it. That carrying is anuvṛtti (अनुवृत्ति).
Split: na (न) + atītānā-gatayoḥ (अतीताना-गतयोः) + kāraka-śabda-prayogāt (कारक-शब्द-प्रयोगात्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| atītānā-gatayoḥ (अतीताना-गतयोः) | genitive or locative dual | a compound: atītānā (अतीताना), and gone. Read it from the end |
| kāraka-śabda-prayogāt (कारक-शब्द-प्रयोगात्) | ablative singular | a compound: a factor of an action, a word, and a performance. Read it from the end |
The phrases
na (न) is not. It stands as indeclinable. atītānā-gatayoḥ (अतीताना-गतयोः) is a compound: atītānā (अतीताना), and gone. Read it from the end. It stands as genitive or locative dual.
kāraka-śabda-prayogāt (कारक-शब्द-प्रयोगात्) is a compound: a factor of an action, a word, and a performance. Read it from the end. It stands as ablative singular.
Sanskrit in this line
kāraka-śabda-prayogāt (कारक-शब्द-प्रयोगात्) is one compound. The hyphen is a teaching mark. Only the last member wears the case.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss atītānā-gatayoḥ (अतीताना-गतयोः) and kāraka-śabda-prayogāt (कारक-शब्द-प्रयोगात्).
Next
4.1.17. Not vinaṣṭebhya (विनष्टेभ्य), of aniṣpatta (अनिष्पत्त).