4.1.19
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 4 / 4.1.19
ईश्वरः कारणम्, पुरुषकर्माफल्यदर्शनात्
īśvaraḥ kāraṇam, puruṣakarmāphalyadarśanāt
The line
The Lord, a cause, because of a compound: the person, karmā (कर्मा), phalya (फल्य), and seeing.
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 4. Examines action, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release, and then the whole and the part. The words of this line are the ones to keep. A shorter line after this one may leave them unsaid.
Split: īśvaraḥ (ईश्वरः) + kāraṇam (कारणम्) + puruṣa-karmā-phalya-darśanāt (पुरुष-कर्मा-फल्य-दर्शनात्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| īśvaraḥ (ईश्वरः) | nominative singular, masculine | the Lord |
| kāraṇam (कारणम्) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | a cause |
| puruṣa-karmā-phalya-darśanāt (पुरुष-कर्मा-फल्य-दर्शनात्) | ablative singular | a compound: the person, karmā (कर्मा), phalya (फल्य), and seeing. Read it from the end |
The phrases
īśvaraḥ (ईश्वरः) is the Lord. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. kāraṇam (कारणम्) is a cause. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter.
puruṣa-karmā-phalya-darśanāt (पुरुष-कर्मा-फल्य-दर्शनात्) is a compound: the person, karmā (कर्मा), phalya (फल्य), and seeing. Read it from the end. It stands as ablative singular.
Sanskrit in this line
puruṣa-karmā-phalya-darśanāt (पुरुष-कर्मा-फल्य-दर्शनात्) is one compound. The hyphen is a teaching mark. Only the last member wears the case.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss īśvaraḥ (ईश्वरः) and kāraṇam (कारणम्).
Next
4.1.20. Not in a compound: the person, action, and absence, of phlāniṣpatta (फ्लानिष्पत्त).