5.1.1
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 5 / 5.1.1
साधर्म्य-समः वैधर्म्य-समः उत्कर्ष-समः अपकर्ष-समः वर्ण्य-समः अवर्ण्य-समः विकल्प-समः साध्य-समः प्राप्ति-समः अप्राप्ति-समः प्रसङ्ग-समः प्रतिदृष्टान्त-समः अनुत्पत्ति-समः संशय-समः प्रकरण-समः अहेतु-समः अर्थापत्ति-समः अविशेष-समः उपपत्ति-समः उपलब्धि-समः अनुपलब्धि-समः नित्य-समः अनित्य-समः कार्य-समः
sādharmya-samaḥ vaidharmya-samaḥ utkarṣa-samaḥ apakarṣa-samaḥ varṇya-samaḥ avarṇya-samaḥ vikalpa-samaḥ sādhya-samaḥ prāpti-samaḥ aprāpti-samaḥ prasaṅga-samaḥ pratidṛṣṭānta-samaḥ anutpatti-samaḥ saṃśaya-samaḥ prakaraṇa-samaḥ ahetu-samaḥ arthāpatti-samaḥ aviśeṣa-samaḥ upapatti-samaḥ upalabdhi-samaḥ anupalabdhi-samaḥ nitya-samaḥ anitya-samaḥ kārya-samaḥ
The line
These are the twenty-four rejoinders. Each is a sama, a way of turning the example back on the one who offered it.
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 5. The false rejoinders, called jāti (जाति), and the points on which a debate is lost. This line names them. The lines after this one take them up.
Split: sādharmya-samaḥ (साधर्म्य-समः) + vaidharmya-samaḥ (वैधर्म्य-समः) + utkarṣa-samaḥ (उत्कर्ष-समः) + apakarṣa-samaḥ (अपकर्ष-समः) + varṇya-samaḥ (वर्ण्य-समः) + avarṇya-samaḥ (अवर्ण्य-समः) + vikalpa-samaḥ (विकल्प-समः) + sādhya-samaḥ (साध्य-समः) + prāpti-samaḥ (प्राप्ति-समः) + aprāpti-samaḥ (अप्राप्ति-समः) + prasaṅga-samaḥ (प्रसङ्ग-समः) + pratidṛṣṭānta-samaḥ (प्रतिदृष्टान्त-समः) + anutpatti-samaḥ (अनुत्पत्ति-समः) + saṃśaya-samaḥ (संशय-समः) + prakaraṇa-samaḥ (प्रकरण-समः) + ahetu-samaḥ (अहेतु-समः) + arthāpatti-samaḥ (अर्थापत्ति-समः) + aviśeṣa-samaḥ (अविशेष-समः) + upapatti-samaḥ (उपपत्ति-समः) + upalabdhi-samaḥ (उपलब्धि-समः) + anupalabdhi-samaḥ (अनुपलब्धि-समः) + nitya-samaḥ (नित्य-समः) + anitya-samaḥ (अनित्य-समः) + kārya-samaḥ (कार्य-समः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| sādharmya-samaḥ (साधर्म्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from a shared property |
| vaidharmya-samaḥ (वैधर्म्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from a property that is not shared |
| utkarṣa-samaḥ (उत्कर्ष-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder that lifts the example too high |
| apakarṣa-samaḥ (अपकर्ष-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder that drags the example down |
| varṇya-samaḥ (वर्ण्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from what is still to be described |
| avarṇya-samaḥ (अवर्ण्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from what is not to be described |
| vikalpa-samaḥ (विकल्प-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from an alternative |
| sādhya-samaḥ (साध्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from the thing to be proved |
| prāpti-samaḥ (प्राप्ति-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from reaching |
| aprāpti-samaḥ (अप्राप्ति-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from not reaching |
| prasaṅga-samaḥ (प्रसङ्ग-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from an unwanted consequence |
| pratidṛṣṭānta-samaḥ (प्रतिदृष्टान्त-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from a counter-example |
| anutpatti-samaḥ (अनुत्पत्ति-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from non-arising |
| saṃśaya-samaḥ (संशय-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from doubt |
| prakaraṇa-samaḥ (प्रकरण-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from the topic being still open on both sides |
| ahetu-samaḥ (अहेतु-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from the reason failing to be a reason |
| arthāpatti-samaḥ (अर्थापत्ति-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from a presumption |
| aviśeṣa-samaḥ (अविशेष-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from there being no difference |
| upapatti-samaḥ (उपपत्ति-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from a possible account |
| upalabdhi-samaḥ (उपलब्धि-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from something being found |
| anupalabdhi-samaḥ (अनुपलब्धि-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from something not being found |
| nitya-samaḥ (नित्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from permanence |
| anitya-samaḥ (अनित्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from impermanence |
| kārya-samaḥ (कार्य-समः) | nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural | a rejoinder from the effect |
The phrases
sādharmya-samaḥ (साधर्म्य-समः) is a rejoinder from a shared property. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. vaidharmya-samaḥ (वैधर्म्य-समः) is a rejoinder from a property that is not shared. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. utkarṣa-samaḥ (उत्कर्ष-समः) is a rejoinder that lifts the example too high. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. apakarṣa-samaḥ (अपकर्ष-समः) is a rejoinder that drags the example down. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. varṇya-samaḥ (वर्ण्य-समः) is a rejoinder from what is still to be described. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. avarṇya-samaḥ (अवर्ण्य-समः) is a rejoinder from what is not to be described. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. vikalpa-samaḥ (विकल्प-समः) is a rejoinder from an alternative. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. sādhya-samaḥ (साध्य-समः) is a rejoinder from the thing to be proved. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. prāpti-samaḥ (प्राप्ति-समः) is a rejoinder from reaching. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. aprāpti-samaḥ (अप्राप्ति-समः) is a rejoinder from not reaching. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. prasaṅga-samaḥ (प्रसङ्ग-समः) is a rejoinder from an unwanted consequence. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. pratidṛṣṭānta-samaḥ (प्रतिदृष्टान्त-समः) is a rejoinder from a counter-example. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural.
anutpatti-samaḥ (अनुत्पत्ति-समः) is a rejoinder from non-arising. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. saṃśaya-samaḥ (संशय-समः) is a rejoinder from doubt. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. prakaraṇa-samaḥ (प्रकरण-समः) is a rejoinder from the topic being still open on both sides. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. ahetu-samaḥ (अहेतु-समः) is a rejoinder from the reason failing to be a reason. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. arthāpatti-samaḥ (अर्थापत्ति-समः) is a rejoinder from a presumption. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. aviśeṣa-samaḥ (अविशेष-समः) is a rejoinder from there being no difference. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. upapatti-samaḥ (उपपत्ति-समः) is a rejoinder from a possible account. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. upalabdhi-samaḥ (उपलब्धि-समः) is a rejoinder from something being found. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. anupalabdhi-samaḥ (अनुपलब्धि-समः) is a rejoinder from something not being found. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. nitya-samaḥ (नित्य-समः) is a rejoinder from permanence. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. anitya-samaḥ (अनित्य-समः) is a rejoinder from impermanence. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural. kārya-samaḥ (कार्य-समः) is a rejoinder from the effect. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line's ending samāḥ (समाः) gathers the list as a plural.
Sanskrit in this line
The electronic line is damaged. It leaves a space in prāpti (प्राप्ति), writes praṣaṅga (प्रषङ्ग) for prasaṅga (प्रसङ्ग), doubles the ṛ (ऋ) of pratidṛṣṭānta (प्रतिदृष्टान्त), writes hetu where this list has ahetu, leaves a space in arthāpatti (अर्थापत्ति), and writes kaārya (कआर्य) for kārya (कार्य). The sitting teaches the standard list. The hyphen in each name is a teaching mark.
Say it back
Cover the English. Name four of the rejoinders, and say what sama is doing in the name.