Tarka-Saṃgraha / 35. True and false
35
स द्विविधो यथार्थोऽयथार्थश् च । तद्वति तत्प्रकारकोऽनुभवो यथार्थः । यथा रजत इदं रजतमिति ज्ञानम् । स एव प्रमेत्युच्यते । तदभाववति तत्प्रकारकोऽनुभवोऽयथार्थः । यथा शुक्ताविदं रजतमिति ज्ञानम् sa dvividho yathārtho 'yathārthaś ca | tadvati tatprakārako 'nubhavo yathārthaḥ | yathā rajata idaṃ rajatam iti jñānam | sa eva pramety ucyate | tadabhāvavati tatprakārako 'nubhavo 'yathārthaḥ | yathā śuktāv idaṃ rajatam iti jñānam
The line
Present cognition is twofold, as the thing is and as the thing is not. The cognition that presents a feature in the thing which has that feature is the true one, as when one knows of silver that it is silver. That is what is called pramā (प्रमा). The cognition that presents a feature in the thing which lacks it is the false one, as when one knows of shell that it is silver.
नेपालीमा
वर्तमान ज्ञान वस्तु जस्तो छ र वस्तु जस्तो छैन गरी दुई प्रकारको हुन्छ, र जुन धर्म वस्तुमा छ त्यही देखाउने ज्ञान सत्य हो, जस्तै चाँदीलाई चाँदी जान्नु, जसलाई प्रमा भनिन्छ। जुन धर्म वस्तुमा छैन त्यो देखाउने ज्ञान मिथ्या हो, जस्तै शङ्खलाई चाँदी जान्नु।
Where it sits
The four kinds of true present cognition, and the four instruments that produce them, are 36. This is the door into the means of knowing. The pramāṇas (प्रमाण) uses pramā (प्रमा) in this same sense: a knowing that has got the thing right.
Split: saḥ (सः) + dvividhaḥ (द्विविधः) + yathārthaḥ (यथार्थः) + ayathārthaḥ (अयथार्थः) + ca (च) + tadvati (तद्वति) + tat-prakārakaḥ (तत्-प्रकारकः) + anubhavaḥ (अनुभवः) + yathārthaḥ (यथार्थः) + yathā (यथा) + rajate (रजते) + idam (इदम्) + rajatam (रजतम्) + iti (इति) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्) + saḥ (सः) + eva (एव) + pramā (प्रमा) + iti (इति) + ucyate (उच्यते) + tat-abhāvavati (तत्-अभाववति) + tat-prakārakaḥ (तत्-प्रकारकः) + anubhavaḥ (अनुभवः) + ayathārthaḥ (अयथार्थः) + yathā (यथा) + śuktau (शुक्तौ) + idam (इदम्) + rajatam (रजतम्) + iti (इति) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| saḥ (सः) | nominative singular, masculine | He. Anubhava (अनुभव) from 34, the present cognition. |
| yathārthaḥ (यथार्थः) | nominative singular, masculine | As the thing is. True. |
| ayathārthaḥ (अयथार्थः) | nominative singular, masculine | As the thing is not. False. Heard 'yathārthaḥ (ऽयथार्थः). |
| tadvati (तद्वति) | locative singular | In what possesses that. In a thing that really has the feature. |
| tat-prakārakaḥ (तत्-प्रकारकः) | nominative singular, masculine | Having that as its qualifier. The cognition presents the feature the thing has. |
| anubhavaḥ yathārthaḥ (अनुभवः यथार्थः) | the true experience | A present cognition of a feature in the thing that has it. |
| rajate idaṃ rajatam (रजते इदं रजतम्) | in silver, this is silver | The true case. rajata (रजत) is silver. |
| pramā (प्रमा) | nominative singular, feminine | A true knowing. Sa eva pramā iti ucyate (स एव प्रमा इति उच्यते), that itself is called pramā (प्रमा). Heard pramety ucyate (प्रमेत्युच्यते). |
| tad-abhāvavati (तद्-अभाववति) | locative singular | In what possesses the absence of that. In a thing that lacks the feature. |
| śuktau idaṃ rajatam (शुक्तौ इदं रजतम्) | in shell, this is silver | The false case. Mother-of-pearl taken for silver. |
The phrases
True: the feature presented is a feature the thing has.
False: the feature presented is a feature the thing lacks.
The primer's name for the true one is pramā (प्रमा).
Sanskrit in this line
Yathārthaḥ (यथार्थः) plus ayathārthaḥ (अयथार्थः) is yathārtho 'yathārthaḥ (यथार्थोऽयथार्थः).
Pramā (प्रमा) plus iti (इति) is prameti (प्रमेति). Short ā (आ) plus short i (इ) is e (ए).
Prakārakaḥ (प्रकारकः) before anubhavaḥ (अनुभवः) is prakārako 'nubhavaḥ (प्रकारकोऽनुभवः).
Say it back
Give the true example and the false example, and say which one is called pramā (प्रमा).