Tarka-Saṃgraha / 36. Four true knowings
36
यथार्थानुभवश् चतुर्विधः प्रत्यक्षानुमित्युपमितिशब्दभेदात् ।
तत्करणमपि चतुर्विधं प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दभेदात् yathārthānubhavaś caturvidhaḥ pratyakṣānumityupamitiśabdabhedāt |
tatkaraṇam api caturvidhaṃ pratyakṣānumānopamānaśabdabhedāt
The line
True present cognition is of four kinds: perceptual, inferential, comparative, and verbal. Its instrument is also of four kinds, by the division into perception, inference, comparison, and word.
नेपालीमा
सत्य वर्तमान ज्ञान प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमिति, उपमिति र शाब्द गरी चार प्रकारको हुन्छ। त्यसको करण पनि प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान र शब्दको विभाजनले चार प्रकारको हुन्छ।
Where it sits
Nyāya (न्याय) 1.1.3 names the same four instruments. Sāṅkhya (साङ्ख्य)'s kārikā (कारिका) 4 and Yoga 1.7 count three, and leave comparison out of the list. The primer is teaching the four. What an instrument is, before any of the four is defined, is 37.
Split: yathārtha-anubhavaḥ (यथार्थ-अनुभवः) + caturvidhaḥ (चतुर्विधः) + pratyakṣa-anumiti-upamiti-śabda-bhedāt (प्रत्यक्ष-अनुमिति-उपमिति-शब्द-भेदात्) + tat-karaṇam (तत्-करणम्) + api (अपि) + caturvidham (चतुर्विधम्) + pratyakṣa-anumāna-upamāna-śabda-bhedāt (प्रत्यक्ष-अनुमान-उपमान-शब्द-भेदात्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| yathārtha-anubhavaḥ (यथार्थ-अनुभवः) | nominative singular, masculine | True present cognition. From 35. Heard anubhavaś (अनुभवश्). |
| caturvidhaḥ (चतुर्विधः) | nominative singular, masculine | Of four kinds. |
| pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) | stem | Perception. The knowing, and also, in the second list, the instrument. |
| anumiti (अनुमिति) | stem | Inferential knowing. The instrument is anumāna (अनुमान). |
| upamiti (उपमिति) | stem | Knowing by comparison. The instrument is upamāna (उपमान). |
| śabda (शब्द) | stem | Word. Here it names both the knowing that comes from a sentence and, in the second list, the instrument. |
| tat-karaṇam (तत्-करणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Its instrument. The karaṇa (करण) of that true cognition. |
| api (अपि) | indeclinable | Also. The instrument-list has four, as the knowing-list has four. |
The phrases
The first list is four knowings. The second list is four instruments.
The instrument of a true cognition is what this book means by a pramāṇa (प्रमाण). The word pramāṇa (प्रमाण) itself arrives when each instrument is defined.
Sanskrit in this line
Pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) plus anumiti (अनुमिति) is pratyakṣānumiti (प्रत्यक्षानुमिति).
Anumāna (अनुमान) plus upamāna (उपमान) is anumānopamāna (अनुमानोपमान). Short a (अ) plus short u (उ) is o (ओ).
Say it back
Say the four knowings, then the four instruments, and keep the two lists apart.