Tarka-Saṃgraha / 40. Three causes
40
कारणं त्रिविधं समवाय्यसमवायिनिमित्तभेदात् । यत् समवेतं कार्यमुत्पद्यते तत् समवायिकारणम् । यथा तन्तवः पटस्य । पटश् च पटगतरूपादेः । कार्येण कारणेन वा सहैकस्मिन्नर्थे समवेतत्वे सति यत् कारणं तदसमवायिकारणम् । यथा तन्तुसंयोगः पटस्य । तन्तुरूपं पटरूपस्य । तदुभयभिन्नं कारणं निमित्तकारणम् । यथा तुरीवेमादिकं पटस्य kāraṇaṃ trividhaṃ samavāyyasamavāyinimittabhedāt | yat samavetaṃ kāryam utpadyate tat samavāyikāraṇam | yathā tantavaḥ paṭasya | paṭaś ca paṭagatarūpādeḥ | kāryeṇa kāraṇena vā sahaikasminn arthe samavetatve sati yat kāraṇaṃ tad asamavāyikāraṇam | yathā tantusaṃyogaḥ paṭasya | tanturūpaṃ paṭarūpasya | tadubhayabhinnaṃ kāraṇaṃ nimittakāraṇam | yathā turīvemādikaṃ paṭasya
The line
Cause is of three kinds: inherent, non-inherent, and efficient. The inherent cause is that in which the effect arises as inhering, as the threads of the cloth, and the cloth of the color that resides in it. The non-inherent cause is a cause which, while inhering in the same thing as the effect or as the cause, is a cause, as the threads' conjunction is of the cloth, and the threads' color of the cloth's color. The efficient cause is a cause other than those two, as the shuttle, the loom, and the rest are of the cloth.
नेपालीमा
कारण तीन प्रकारको हुन्छ, समवायी, असमवायी र निमित्त। समवायी कारण त्यो हो जसमा कार्य समवाय गरेर उत्पन्न हुन्छ, जस्तै कपडाका लागि धागा र त्यसमा रहेको रङका लागि कपडा, असमवायी कारण त्यो हो जुन कार्य वा कारणसँग एउटै कुरामा समवाय गरेर कारण हुन्छ, जस्तै धागाको संयोग कपडाको र धागाको रङ कपडाको रङको, र निमित्त कारण ती दुईबाहेकको कारण हो, जस्तै कपडाका लागि माकु, तान र अरू।
Where it sits
41 picks the instrument out of these three. Weight at 30 was already called a non-inherent cause.
Split: kāraṇam (कारणम्) + trividham (त्रिविधम्) + samavāyi-asamavāyi-nimitta-bhedāt (समवायि-असमवायि-निमित्त-भेदात्) + yat (यत्) + samavetam (समवेतम्) + kāryam (कार्यम्) + utpadyate (उत्पद्यते) + tat (तत्) + samavāyi-kāraṇam (समवायि-कारणम्) + yathā (यथा) + tantavaḥ (तन्तवः) + paṭasya (पटस्य) + paṭaḥ (पटः) + ca (च) + paṭa-gata-rūpa-ādeḥ (पट-गत-रूप-आदेः) + kāryeṇa (कार्येण) + kāraṇena (कारणेन) + vā (वा) + saha (सह) + ekasmin (एकस्मिन्) + arthe (अर्थे) + samavetatve (समवेतत्वे) + sati (सति) + yat (यत्) + kāraṇam (कारणम्) + tat (तत्) + asamavāyi-kāraṇam (असमवायि-कारणम्) + yathā (यथा) + tantu-saṃyogaḥ (तन्तु-संयोगः) + paṭasya (पटस्य) + tantu-rūpam (तन्तु-रूपम्) + paṭa-rūpasya (पट-रूपस्य) + tat-ubhaya-bhinnam (तत्-उभय-भिन्नम्) + kāraṇam (कारणम्) + nimitta-kāraṇam (निमित्त-कारणम्) + yathā (यथा) + turī-vema-ādikam (तुरी-वेम-आदिकम्) + paṭasya (पटस्य)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| samavāyi-kāraṇam (समवायि-कारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | The inherent cause. That in which the effect inheres when it arises. |
| tantavaḥ paṭasya (तन्तवः पटस्य) | the threads, of the cloth | The threads are the inherent cause of the cloth. The cloth inheres in them. |
| paṭaḥ paṭagata-rūpādeḥ (पटः पटगत-रूपादेः) | the cloth, of the color residing in the cloth | The file had written khagata (खगत). The sitting reads paṭagata (पटगत), residing in the cloth. The cloth is the inherent cause of its own color. |
| asamavāyi-kāraṇam (असमवायि-कारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | The non-inherent cause. A cause that inheres in the same thing as the effect, or in the effect's cause. |
| tantu-saṃyogaḥ paṭasya (तन्तु-संयोगः पटस्य) | the conjunction of the threads, of the cloth | The joining of the threads inheres in the threads, which are the cloth's inherent cause. |
| tantu-rūpam paṭa-rūpasya (तन्तु-रूपम् पट-रूपस्य) | the color of the threads, of the color of the cloth | The threads' color is the non-inherent cause of the cloth's color. |
| nimitta-kāraṇam (निमित्त-कारणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | The efficient cause. Other than those two. |
| turī-vema-ādikam (तुरी-वेम-आदिकम्) | the shuttle, the loom, and the rest | The tools. Efficient causes of the cloth. |
The phrases
Inherent: the effect is in it.
Non-inherent: it sits in the same place as the effect, or in the effect's cause.
Efficient: every other cause, the loom and the weaver's work among them.
Sanskrit in this line
Samavāyin (समवायिन्) plus asamavāyin (असमवायिन्) is samavāyyasamavāyi (समवाय्यसमवायि).
Saha (सह) plus ekasmin (एकस्मिन्) is sahaikasmin (सहैकस्मिन्).
Ekasmin (एकस्मिन्) before arthe (अर्थे) is ekasminn (एकस्मिन्न्). A final n (न्) after a short vowel doubles before a vowel.
Say it back
Give one example of each of the three causes, all from the cloth.