1.1.13
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.13
पृथिव्यापस् तेजो वायुराकाशमिति भूतानि
pṛthivy āpas tejo vāyur ākāśam iti bhūtāni
The line
Earth, water, fire, wind, and space are the elements.
नेपालीमा
पृथ्वी, जल, अग्नि, वायु र आकाश भूत हुन्।
Where it sits
bhūta (भूत) from 1.1.12 is the word being defined. The senses of that line are still the reason this list is here.
Split: pṛthivī (पृथिवी) + āpaḥ (आपः) + tejaḥ (तेजः) + vāyuḥ (वायुः) + ākāśam (आकाशम्) + iti (इति) + bhūtāni (भूतानि)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pṛthivī (पृथिवी) | nominative singular, feminine | earth |
| āpaḥ (आपः) | nominative plural, feminine | water |
| tejaḥ (तेजः) | nominative singular, neuter | fire |
| vāyuḥ (वायुः) | nominative singular, masculine | wind |
| ākāśam (आकाशम्) | nominative singular, neuter | space |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus, closing the list |
| bhūtāni (भूतानि) | nominative plural, neuter | the elements |
The phrases
Five elements, matching the five senses in number and order. pṛthivī (पृथिवी) is earth. āpaḥ (आपः) is water, plural in form for the one element. tejas is fire or light. vāyu (वायु) is wind. ākāśa (आकाश) is space, the open that carries sound.
iti closes the list, and bhūtāni (भूतानि) names it. These are the bhūtas (भूत) from which the senses were said to come.
Sanskrit in this line
Recitation joins the names. pṛthivī (पृथिवी) plus āpaḥ (आपः) becomes pṛthivy (पृथिव्य्) āpaḥ (आपः). āpaḥ (आपः) before tejaḥ (तेजः) becomes āpas (आप). tejaḥ (तेजः) before vāyu (वायु) becomes tejo. vāyuḥ (वायुः) before ākāśam (आकाशम्) becomes vāyur (वायुर्). The split keeps the pausa forms.
Say it back
Say the five elements in the same order as the five senses.