1.1.21
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.21
बाधनालक्षणं दुःखम्
bādhanālakṣaṇaṃ duḥkham
The line
Pain is what has hurting as its mark.
नेपालीमा
दुःख त्यो हो जसको चिह्न पीडा हो।
Where it sits
duḥkha (दुःख) from 1.1.9, and from the head of the series in 1.1.2, is the word being defined.
Split: bādhanā-lakṣaṇam (बाधना-लक्षणम्) + duḥkham (दुःखम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| bādhanā-lakṣaṇam (बाधना-लक्षणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | that whose mark is hurting |
| duḥkham (दुःखम्) | nominative singular, neuter | pain |
The phrases
duḥkha (दुःख) is not defined by a list of pains. It is defined by bādhanā (बाधना), the hurting, the thwarting of the person who has it.
The bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) takes the neuter ending to stand with duḥkham (दुःखम्). Pain was the first member of the chain in 1.1.2. This is its definition as a prameya.
Sanskrit in this line
bādhanā (बाधना) is feminine. lakṣaṇam (लक्षणम्) is the neuter of the bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि), not a neuter noun lakṣaṇa (लक्षण) standing alone. Before duḥkham (दुःखम्) the final m is the anusvāra (अनुस्वार).
Say it back
Gloss duḥkha (दुःख) as bādhanālakṣaṇa (बाधनालक्षण). The next line releases one from this.