1.1.32
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.32
प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनान्यवयवाः
pratijñāhetūdāharaṇopanayanigamanāny avayavāḥ
The line
Thesis, reason, example, application, and conclusion are the members.
नेपालीमा
प्रतिज्ञा, हेतु, उदाहरण, उपनय र निगमन अवयव हुन्।
Where it sits
avayava from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. dṛṣṭānta (दृष्टान्त) from 1.1.25 will come back inside the example, but it is not supplied in this sentence.
Split: pratijñā-hetu-udāharaṇa-upanaya-nigamanāni (प्रतिज्ञा-हेतु-उदाहरण-उपनय-निगमनानि) + avayavāḥ (अवयवाः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pratijñā-hetu-udāharaṇa-upanaya-nigamanāni (प्रतिज्ञा-हेतु-उदाहरण-उपनय-निगमनानि) | nominative plural, neuter | thesis, reason, example, application, and conclusion |
| avayavāḥ (अवयवाः) | nominative plural, masculine | the members |
The phrases
A stated inference has five limbs, in this order. pratijñā (प्रतिज्ञा) states what is to be proved. hetu gives the reason. udāharaṇa (उदाहरण) brings the familiar case. upanaya applies that case to the subject. nigamana says the thesis again with the reason in place.
The line only names them. The next lines define them one by one. avayava is a limb of that statement, not a limb of a body.
Sanskrit in this line
The dvandva is neuter plural because nigamana is neuter. Before avayavāḥ (अवयवाः) the ending āni (आनि) is recited āny (आन्य्). hetu plus udāharaṇa (उदाहरण) is recited hetūdāharaṇa (हेतूदाहरण), and udāharaṇa (उदाहरण) plus upanaya is upanay with o from a plus u.
Say it back
Name the five avayavas in order. Definitions follow.
Next
1.1.33. The thesis is the statement of what is to be established.