1.1.38
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.38
उदाहरणापेक्षस् तथेत्युपसंहारो न तथेति वा साध्यस्योपनयः
udāharaṇāpekṣas tathety upasaṃhāro na tatheti vā sādhyasyopanayaḥ
The line
Application is the summing up, dependent on the example, that what is to be established is so, or that it is not so.
नेपालीमा
उपनय उदाहरणमा भर पर्ने सङ्क्षेप हो, जसमा साध्य त्यस्तै हो वा त्यस्तै होइन भनिन्छ।
Where it sits
upanaya from 1.1.32 is the member being defined. udāharaṇa (उदाहरण) from 1.1.36 and its contrary in 1.1.37 are both in force. sādhya (साध्य) from 1.1.33 is the genitive sādhyasya (साध्यस्य).
Split: udāharaṇa-apekṣaḥ (उदाहरण-अपेक्षः) + tathā (तथा) + iti (इति) + upasaṃhāraḥ (उपसंहारः) + na (न) + tathā (तथा) + iti (इति) + vā (वा) + sādhyasya (साध्यस्य) + upanayaḥ (उपनयः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| udāharaṇa-apekṣaḥ (उदाहरण-अपेक्षः) | nominative singular, masculine | depending on the example |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | so |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | marking the quoted phrase |
| upasaṃhāraḥ (उपसंहारः) | nominative singular, masculine | the summing up |
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| tathā (तथा) | indeclinable | so |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | marking the quoted phrase |
| vā (वा) | indeclinable | or |
| sādhyasya (साध्यस्य) | genitive singular, neuter | of what is to be established |
| upanayaḥ (उपनयः) | nominative singular, masculine | the application |
The phrases
upanaya draws the example onto the subject. upasaṃhāra (उपसंहार) is that drawing-together. It depends on the udāharaṇa (उदाहरण). One says tathā (तथा) iti, 'it is so', when the positive example is in play. One says na tathā (तथा) iti, 'it is not so', when the contrary example is in play.
sādhyasya (साध्यस्य) names the subject of the thesis, the thing about which one says 'so' or 'not so'. The application is not a new reason. It is the placing of the already given example against that subject.
Sanskrit in this line
The recited line joins several edges. āpekṣaḥ (आपेक्षः) before tathā (तथा) becomes āpekṣas (आपेक्ष). tathā (तथा) plus iti becomes tatheti, and that iti before upasaṃhāra (उपसंहार) becomes tathety. upasaṃhāraḥ (उपसंहारः) before na becomes upasaṃhāro (उपसंहारो). sādhyasya (साध्यस्य) plus upanaya becomes sādhyasyopanayaḥ (साध्यस्योपनयः).
Say it back
Quote both applications from memory: tathā (तथा) iti, and na tathā (तथा) iti.
Next
1.1.39. The conclusion is the thesis said again, once the reason has been stated.