1.1.40
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.40
अविज्ञाततत्त्वेऽर्थे कारणोपपत्तितस् तत्त्वज्ञानार्थमुहस् तर्कः
avijñātatattve 'rthe kāraṇopapattitas tattvajñānārtham uhas tarkaḥ
The line
Hypothetical reasoning is a supposition, aimed at knowledge of the truth, that sets out a ground concerning a thing whose truth is not yet known.
नेपालीमा
तर्क सत्य जान्ने उद्देश्यको कल्पना हो, जसले सत्य अझै नजानिएको कुराको आधार राख्छ।
Where it sits
tarka from 1.1.1 is the word being defined. tattvajñāna (तत्त्वज्ञान) from 1.1.1 is in force as the aim, here in tattvajñānārtham (तत्त्वज्ञानार्थम्). The five members just finished are not supplied into this sentence.
Split: avijñāta-tatve (अविज्ञात-तत्वे) + arthe (अर्थे) + kāraṇa-upapattitaḥ (कारण-उपपत्तितः) + tattva-jñāna-artham (तत्त्व-ज्ञान-अर्थम्) + uhaḥ (उहः) + tarkaḥ (तर्कः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| avijñāta-tatve (अविज्ञात-तत्वे) | locative singular, masculine | whose true nature is unknown |
| arthe (अर्थे) | locative singular, masculine | about a thing |
| kāraṇa-upapattitaḥ (कारण-उपपत्तितः) | ablative singular, feminine | from the setting out of a ground |
| tattva-jñāna-artham (तत्त्व-ज्ञान-अर्थम्) | accusative singular, neuter | for the sake of knowledge of the true nature |
| uhaḥ (उहः) | nominative singular, masculine | a supposition |
| tarkaḥ (तर्कः) | nominative singular, masculine | hypothetical reasoning |
The phrases
tarka is not a sixth pramāṇa (प्रमाण). The line calls it uha, a pondering, a supposition. The thing's tattva is avijñāta (अविज्ञात), not yet known. One sets a kāraṇa (कारण), a ground, in place and follows what would follow.
The aim is tattvajñāna (तत्त्वज्ञान), the same knowledge the opening line required. tarka helps one get there by showing which supposition cannot stand. It does not itself deliver the knowing. Decision, in the next line, is the separate step.
Sanskrit in this line
avijñātatatve (अविज्ञाततत्वे) is a bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) in the locative, agreeing with arthe. The locative e before arthe is recited with avagraha: avijñātatattve (अविज्ञाततत्त्वे) 'rthe. upapattitaḥ (उपपत्तितः) before tattva is recited upapattitas. uhaḥ (उहः) before tarka is recited uhas.
Say it back
Gloss tarka as uha, and say what it is for: tattvajñāna (तत्त्वज्ञान) of an artha still avijñātatattva (अविज्ञाततत्त्व).
Next
1.1.41. Decision is settling the thing after weighing the thesis and the counter-thesis.