1.1.7
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.1.7
आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः
āptopadeśaḥ śabdaḥ
The line
Word is the teaching given by a reliable person.
नेपालीमा
शब्द आप्त पुरुषले दिएको उपदेश हो।
Where it sits
śabda (शब्द) from 1.1.3 is the word being defined.
Split: āpta-upadeśaḥ (आप्त-उपदेशः) + śabdaḥ (शब्दः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| āpta-upadeśaḥ (आप्त-उपदेशः) | nominative singular, masculine | the teaching of a reliable person |
| śabdaḥ (शब्दः) | nominative singular, masculine | word |
The phrases
śabda (शब्द) here is not mere sound. It is the fourth pramāṇa (प्रमाण). What makes a statement that pramāṇa (प्रमाण) is the speaker. āpta (आप्त) is the person who has reached the thing and speaks of it as it is.
upadeśa (उपदेश) is teaching, a statement meant to bring the hearer to that thing. The compound is a tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष): the upadeśa (उपदेश) of an āpta (आप्त).
Sanskrit in this line
āpta (आप्त) is the past participle of āp (आप्), 'to reach'. Joined to upadeśa (उपदेश), a plus u becomes o, so the word is recited āptopadeśaḥ (आप्तोपदेशः).
Say it back
Gloss śabda (शब्द) as āptopadeśa (आप्तोपदेश), and remember that the next line divides this same śabda (शब्द).
Next
1.1.8. That word is of two kinds, because its object may be seen or unseen.