1.2.11
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.2.11
तत् त्रिविधं वाक्छलं सामान्यच्छलमुपचारच्छलं चेति
tat trividhaṃ vākchalaṃ sāmānyacchalam upacāracchalaṃ ceti
The line
That quibble is of three kinds: verbal quibble, quibble on a general term, and quibble on figurative speech.
नेपालीमा
त्यो छल तीन प्रकारको हुन्छ: वाक्छल, सामान्य पदको छल र लाक्षणिक वचनको छल।
Where it sits
tat supplies chalam from 1.2.10. The three names are new and are defined in 1.2.12 through 1.2.14.
Split: tat (तत्) + trividham (त्रिविधम्) + vāk-chalam (वाक्-छलम्) + sāmānya-chalam (सामान्य-छलम्) + upacāra-chalam (उपचार-छलम्) + ca (च) + iti (इति)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| tat (तत्) | nominative singular, neuter | that |
| trividham (त्रिविधम्) | nominative singular, neuter | of three kinds |
| vāk-chalam (वाक्-छलम्) | nominative singular, neuter | quibble on the wording |
| sāmānya-chalam (सामान्य-छलम्) | nominative singular, neuter | quibble on a general term |
| upacāra-chalam (उपचार-छलम्) | nominative singular, neuter | quibble on a figurative use |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and |
| iti (इति) | indeclinable | thus, closing the list |
The phrases
tat is chala. trividham gives the count. The three names are vākchala (वाक्छल), a quibble that plays on the words; sāmānyacchala (सामान्यच्छल), a quibble that plays on a general term; and upacāracchala (उपचारच्छल), a quibble that plays on figurative speech.
ca joins the third, and iti closes the list. The line names them. The next three lines define them. A later line will ask whether the third is really different from the first.
Sanskrit in this line
ca plus iti is recited ceti. Each chalam before a consonant is recited with anusvāra (अनुस्वार). In the compounds, chala is written cchala after a vowel. The pāṭha (पाठ) file puts a dash before the list. The dash is not a word.
Say it back
Name the three chalāni (छलानि). Definitions come next, in order.