1.2.20
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.2.20
तद्विकल्पाज् जातिनिग्रहस्थानबहुत्वम्
tadvikalpāj jātinigrahasthānabahutvam
The line
Futile rejoinders and points of defeat are many, because those grounds have varieties.
नेपालीमा
जातिका उत्तर र निग्रहस्थान धेरै छन्, किनकि ती आधारका भेद छन्।
Where it sits
tad supplies the pair sādharmya (साधर्म्य) and vaidharmya from 1.2.18 and the pair vipratipatti and apratipatti from 1.2.19. jāti (जाति) and nigrahasthāna (निग्रहस्थान) from those two lines are the two plurals.
Split: tad-vikalpāt (तद्-विकल्पात्) + jāti-nigrahasthāna-bahutvam (जाति-निग्रहस्थान-बहुत्वम्)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| tad-vikalpāt (तद्-विकल्पात्) | ablative singular, masculine | from the variety of those |
| jāti-nigrahasthāna-bahutvam (जाति-निग्रहस्थान-बहुत्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | the plurality of futile rejoinders and of points of defeat |
The phrases
tad points at the grounds just given. Likeness and unlikeness can be turned in many ways, and misunderstanding and non-understanding cover many failures. vikalpa is that division into alternatives.
From that division comes bahutva, there being many. jāti (जाति) is many and nigrahasthāna (निग्रहस्थान) is many. The line states the plurality. It does not name the kinds. Naming them is outside this adhyāya (अध्याय).
Sanskrit in this line
vikalpāt (विकल्पात्) before jāti (जाति) is recited vikalpāj (विकल्पाज्), because final t before j becomes j. bahutva is an abstract from bahu, 'many'. The compound is one neuter nominative.
Say it back
Stop on the fact of bahutva. The next thing to be able to say is still the general definitions, not a catalogue.