2.1.48
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 2 / 2.1.48
न अप्रत्यक्षे गवये प्रमाणार्थमुपमानस्य पश्यामः
na apratyakṣe gavaye pramāṇārtham upamānasya paśyāmaḥ
The line
We do not see, for a gavaya that is not perceived, any purpose that would make comparison a means.
नेपालीमा
नदेखिएको गवयका लागि उपमानलाई जान्ने साधन बनाउने कुनै प्रयोजन हामी देख्दैनौँ।
Where it sits
1.1.6 defined upamāna (उपमान). Adhyāya (अध्याय) 2 is examining that definition. 2.1.49 answers this line: the judgment 'thus' gathers the animal one sees with the likeness one was told.
Split: na (न) + apratyakṣe (अप्रत्यक्षे) + gavaye (गवये) + pramāṇa-artham (प्रमाण-अर्थम्) + upamānasya (उपमानस्य) + paśyāmaḥ (पश्यामः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| na (न) | indeclinable | not |
| apratyakṣe (अप्रत्यक्षे) | locative singular, masculine | when it is not in front of the senses. pratyakṣa (प्रत्यक्ष) is perceived. The privative a- (अ-) says this animal is not. |
| gavaye (गवये) | locative singular, masculine | in the case of a gavaya (गवय). The stock picture is a forest animal set beside a cow one already knows. |
| pramāṇa-artham (प्रमाण-अर्थम्) | accusative singular, masculine | a purpose that would make it a means. An object for the means to know. |
| upamānasya (उपमानस्य) | genitive singular, neuter | of comparison |
| paśyāmaḥ (पश्यामः) | present, first person plural | we see |
The phrases
This is the objection. apratyakṣe gavaye (अप्रत्यक्षे गवये) puts the gavaya (गवय) out of sight. na paśyāmaḥ (न पश्यामः) says we do not see any job left for comparison.
The defining line, 1.1.6, never names the animal. This line does. The person who already knows a cow, and who has been told of a likeness, is the case the objection is pressing.
Sanskrit in this line
gavaye (गवये) is the locative of gavaya (गवय), masculine. apratyakṣe (अप्रत्यक्षे) agrees with it. paśyāmaḥ (पश्यामः) is the present plural of the root dṛś (दृश्), in the paśya (पश्य) stem. pramāṇārtham (प्रमाणार्थम्) is one compound, pramāṇa-artha (प्रमाण-अर्थ).
Say it back
State the objection in one sentence: an unseen gavaya leaves comparison with nothing to do.
Next
2.1.49. The gathering 'thus' is what makes comparison its own means.