4.2.40
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 4 / 4.2.40
क्षुदादिभिः प्रवर्तनाच्च
kṣudādibhiḥ pravartanācca
The line
By means of kṣudāda (क्षुदाद), pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च).
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 4. Examines action, fault, rebirth, fruit, pain, and release, and then the whole and the part. The line is short. artha-viśeṣa-prāvalyāt (अर्थ-विशेष-प्रावल्यात्) from 4.2.39 is still in force. A sūtra (सूत्र) leaves a word out when the line before still holds it. That carrying is anuvṛtti (अनुवृत्ति).
Split: kṣudādibhiḥ (क्षुदादिभिः) + pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| kṣudādibhiḥ (क्षुदादिभिः) | instrumental plural | kṣudāda (क्षुदाद) |
| pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च) | the form as the line writes it | this word, as the line writes it |
The phrases
kṣudādibhiḥ (क्षुदादिभिः) is kṣudāda (क्षुदाद). It stands as instrumental plural.
pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च) is this word, as the line writes it. It stands as the form as the line writes it.
Sanskrit in this line
pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च) is the form as the line writes it. That ending is the work an English preposition would do.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss kṣudādibhiḥ (क्षुदादिभिः) and pravartanācca (प्रवर्तनाच्च).