5.2.1
Nyāya Sūtra / Adhyāya 5 / 5.2.1
प्रतिज्ञाहानिः प्रतिज्ञान्तरं प्रतिज्ञाविरोधः प्रतिज्ञासन्न्यासो हेत्वन्तरमर्थान्तरं निरर्थकमविज्ञातार्थमपार्थकमप्राप्त कालं न्यूनमधिकं पुनरुक्तमननुभाषणमज्ञानमप्रतिभा विक्षेपो मतानुज्ञा पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षणं निरनुयोज्यानुयोगोऽपसिद्धान्तो हेत्वा भासाश्च निग्रहस्थानानि
pratijñāhāniḥ pratijñāntaraṃ pratijñāvirodhaḥ pratijñāsannyāso hetvantaram arthāntaraṃ nirarthakam avijñātārtham apārthakam aprāpta kālaṃ nyūnam adhikaṃ punaruktam ananubhāṣaṇam ajñānam apratibhā vikṣepo matānujñā paryanuyojyopekṣaṇaṃ niranuyojyānuyogo 'pasiddhānto hetvā bhāsāśca nigrahasthānāni
The line
A compound: a thesis, and abandonment, a compound: a thesis, and a difference, an interval, a compound: a thesis, and absence of collision, a compound: a thesis, what is, and laying down, a compound: a reason, and a difference, an interval, a different thing, nirarthaka (निरर्थक), a compound: not yet known, and a thing, a meaning, apārthaka (अपार्थक), what does not already follow, time, nyūna (न्यून), more, again, what has been said, ananubhāṣaṇa (अननुभाषण), not-knowing, apratibha (अप्रतिभ), vikṣepa (विक्षेप), matānujña (मतानुज्ञ), paryanuyojyopekṣaṇa (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षण), a compound: nira (निर), nuyo (नुयो), jyānu (ज्यानु), and a joining, apasiddhānta (अपसिद्धान्त), hetva (हेत्व), bhāsāśca (भासाश्च), a point of defeat.
Where it sits
In Nyāya (न्याय) Sūtra (सूत्र), adhyāya (अध्याय) 5. The false rejoinders, called jāti (जाति), and the points on which a debate is lost. The words of this line are the ones to keep. A shorter line after this one may leave them unsaid.
Split: pratijñā-hāniḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-हानिः) + pratijñā-antaraṃ (प्रतिज्ञा-अन्तरं) + pratijñā-avirodhaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-अविरोधः) + pratijñā-sad-nyāsaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-सद्-न्यासः) + hetu-antaram (हेतु-अन्तरम्) + arthāntaraṃ (अर्थान्तरं) + nirarthakam (निरर्थकम्) + avijñāta-artham (अविज्ञात-अर्थम्) + apārthakam (अपार्थकम्) + aprāpta (अप्राप्त) + kālaṃ (कालं) + nyūnam (न्यूनम्) + adhikaṃ (अधिकं) + punar (पुनर्) + uktam (उक्तम्) + ananubhāṣaṇam (अननुभाषणम्) + ajñānam (अज्ञानम्) + apratibhā (अप्रतिभा) + vikṣepo (विक्षेपो) + matānujñā (मतानुज्ञा) + paryanuyojyopekṣaṇaṃ (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षणं) + nira-nuyo-jyānu-yogo (निर-नुयो-ज्यानु-योगो) + apasiddhānto (अपसिद्धान्तो) + hetvā (हेत्वा) + bhāsāśca (भासाश्च) + nigrahasthānāni (निग्रहस्थानानि)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| pratijñā-hāniḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-हानिः) | nominative singular | a compound: a thesis, and abandonment. Read it from the end |
| pratijñā-antaraṃ (प्रतिज्ञा-अन्तरं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | a compound: a thesis, and a difference, an interval. Read it from the end |
| pratijñā-avirodhaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-अविरोधः) | nominative singular, masculine | a compound: a thesis, and absence of collision. Read it from the end |
| pratijñā-sad-nyāsaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-सद्-न्यासः) | nominative singular, masculine | a compound: a thesis, what is, and laying down. Read it from the end |
| hetu-antaram (हेतु-अन्तरम्) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | a compound: a reason, and a difference, an interval. Read it from the end |
| arthāntaraṃ (अर्थान्तरं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | a different thing |
| nirarthakam (निरर्थकम्) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | nirarthaka (निरर्थक) |
| avijñāta-artham (अविज्ञात-अर्थम्) | accusative singular, masculine | a compound: not yet known, and a thing, a meaning. Read it from the end |
| apārthakam (अपार्थकम्) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | apārthaka (अपार्थक) |
| aprāpta (अप्राप्त) | the stem, as the line writes it | what does not already follow |
| kālaṃ (कालं) | accusative singular, masculine | time |
| nyūnam (न्यूनम्) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | nyūna (न्यून) |
| adhikaṃ (अधिकं) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | more |
| punar (पुनर्) | indeclinable | again |
| uktam (उक्तम्) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | what has been said |
| ananubhāṣaṇam (अननुभाषणम्) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | ananubhāṣaṇa (अननुभाषण) |
| ajñānam (अज्ञानम्) | nominative or accusative singular, neuter | not-knowing |
| apratibhā (अप्रतिभा) | nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular | apratibha (अप्रतिभ) |
| vikṣepo (विक्षेपो) | nominative singular, masculine | vikṣepa (विक्षेप) |
| matānujñā (मतानुज्ञा) | nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular | matānujña (मतानुज्ञ) |
| paryanuyojyopekṣaṇaṃ (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षणं) | accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter | paryanuyojyopekṣaṇa (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षण) |
| nira-nuyo-jyānu-yogo (निर-नुयो-ज्यानु-योगो) | nominative singular, masculine | a compound: nira (निर), nuyo (नुयो), jyānu (ज्यानु), and a joining. Read it from the end |
| apasiddhānto (अपसिद्धान्तो) | nominative singular, masculine | apasiddhānta (अपसिद्धान्त) |
| hetvā (हेत्वा) | nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular | hetva (हेत्व) |
| bhāsāśca (भासाश्च) | the form as the line writes it | this word, as the line writes it |
| nigrahasthānāni (निग्रहस्थानानि) | nominative or accusative plural, neuter | a point of defeat |
The phrases
pratijñā-hāniḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-हानिः) is a compound: a thesis, and abandonment. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative singular. pratijñā-antaraṃ (प्रतिज्ञा-अन्तरं) is a compound: a thesis, and a difference, an interval. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. pratijñā-avirodhaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-अविरोधः) is a compound: a thesis, and absence of collision. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. pratijñā-sad-nyāsaḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-सद्-न्यासः) is a compound: a thesis, what is, and laying down. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The line writes it pratijñāsannyāso (प्रतिज्ञासन्न्यासो). hetu-antaram (हेतु-अन्तरम्) is a compound: a reason, and a difference, an interval. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. arthāntaraṃ (अर्थान्तरं) is a different thing. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. nirarthakam (निरर्थकम्) is nirarthaka (निरर्थक). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. avijñāta-artham (अविज्ञात-अर्थम्) is a compound: not yet known, and a thing, a meaning. Read it from the end. It stands as accusative singular, masculine. apārthakam (अपार्थकम्) is apārthaka (अपार्थक). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. aprāpta (अप्राप्त) is what does not already follow. It stands as the stem, as the line writes it. kālaṃ (कालं) is time. It stands as accusative singular, masculine. nyūnam (न्यूनम्) is nyūna (न्यून). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. adhikaṃ (अधिकं) is more. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter.
punar (पुनर्) is again. It stands as indeclinable. uktam (उक्तम्) is what has been said. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. The line joins them as punaruktam. ananubhāṣaṇam (अननुभाषणम्) is ananubhāṣaṇa (अननुभाषण). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. ajñānam (अज्ञानम्) is not-knowing. It stands as nominative or accusative singular, neuter. apratibhā (अप्रतिभा) is apratibha (अप्रतिभ). It stands as nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular. vikṣepo (विक्षेपो) is vikṣepa (विक्षेप). It stands as nominative singular, masculine. matānujñā (मतानुज्ञा) is matānujña (मतानुज्ञ). It stands as nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular. paryanuyojyopekṣaṇaṃ (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षणं) is paryanuyojyopekṣaṇa (पर्यनुयोज्योपेक्षण). It stands as accusative singular, masculine, or nominative or accusative singular, neuter. nira-nuyo-jyānu-yogo (निर-नुयो-ज्यानु-योगो) is a compound: nira (निर), nuyo (नुयो), jyānu (ज्यानु), and a joining. Read it from the end. It stands as nominative singular, masculine. apasiddhānto (अपसिद्धान्तो) is apasiddhānta (अपसिद्धान्त). It stands as nominative singular, masculine. The apostrophe marks an a that was dropped. hetvā (हेत्वा) is hetva (हेत्व). It stands as nominative singular, feminine, or instrumental singular. bhāsāśca (भासाश्च) is this word, as the line writes it. It stands as the form as the line writes it. nigrahasthānāni (निग्रहस्थानानि) is a point of defeat. It stands as nominative or accusative plural, neuter.
Sanskrit in this line
The apostrophe is an avagraha. It marks an a that sandhi dropped. The sitting puts that a back. The line writes it pratijñāsannyāso (प्रतिज्ञासन्न्यासो). The line joins them as punaruktam. The apostrophe marks an a that was dropped.
Say it back
Cover the English. Gloss pratijñā-hāniḥ (प्रतिज्ञा-हानिः) and pratijñā-antaraṃ (प्रतिज्ञा-अन्तरं).