Tarka-Saṃgraha / 42. Perception
42
तत्र प्रत्यक्षज्ञानकरणं प्रत्यक्षम् । इन्द्रियार्थसन्निकर्षजन्यं ज्ञानं प्रत्यक्षम् । तद् द्विविधं निर्विकल्पकं सविकल्पकं चेति । निष्प्रकारकं ज्ञानं निर्विकल्पकम् । सप्रकारकं ज्ञानं सविकल्पकम् । यथा डित्थोऽयं ब्राह्मणोऽयं श्यामोऽयमिति tatra pratyakṣajñānakaraṇaṃ pratyakṣam | indriyārthasannikarṣajanyaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣam | tad dvividhaṃ nirvikalpakaṃ savikalpakaṃ ceti | niṣprakārakaṃ jñānaṃ nirvikalpakam | saprakārakaṃ jñānaṃ savikalpakam | yathā ḍittho 'yaṃ brāhmaṇo 'yaṃ śyāmo 'yam iti
The line
Among the instruments, perception is the instrument of perceptual knowing. Perception, as a knowing, is the knowing born of the contact of sense and object. It is twofold, without construction and with construction. A knowing with no qualifier is the one without construction. A knowing with a qualifier is the one with construction, as 'this is Ḍittha (डित्थ),' 'this is a brāhmaṇa (ब्राह्मण),' 'this is dark.'
नेपालीमा
करणहरूमध्ये प्रत्यक्ष प्रत्यक्ष ज्ञानको करण हो, र ज्ञानका रूपमा प्रत्यक्ष इन्द्रिय र अर्थको सम्पर्कबाट जन्मेको ज्ञान हो, निर्विकल्प र सविकल्प गरी दुई प्रकारको छ। विशेषण नभएको ज्ञान निर्विकल्प हो, र विशेषण भएको ज्ञान सविकल्प हो, जस्तै यो डित्थ हो, यो ब्राह्मण हो, यो कालो हो।
Where it sits
Nyāya (न्याय) 1.1.4 defines perception as a knowing arisen from sense and object, not named by a word, not straying, and settled. The primer's sentence is the later one, and it divides that knowing into nirvikalpaka (निर्विकल्पक) and savikalpaka (सविकल्पक). The page on perception sets those two beside the sūtra (सूत्र). The six contacts are 43.
Split: tatra (तत्र) + pratyakṣa-jñāna-karaṇam (प्रत्यक्ष-ज्ञान-करणम्) + pratyakṣam (प्रत्यक्षम्) + indriya-artha-sannikarṣa-janyam (इन्द्रिय-अर्थ-सन्निकर्ष-जन्यम्) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्) + pratyakṣam (प्रत्यक्षम्) + tat (तत्) + dvividham (द्विविधम्) + nirvikalpakam (निर्विकल्पकम्) + savikalpakam (सविकल्पकम्) + ca (च) + iti (इति) + niṣprakārakam (निष्प्रकारकम्) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्) + nirvikalpakam (निर्विकल्पकम्) + saprakārakam (सप्रकारकम्) + jñānam (ज्ञानम्) + savikalpakam (सविकल्पकम्) + yathā (यथा) + ḍitthaḥ (डित्थः) + ayam (अयम्) + brāhmaṇaḥ (ब्राह्मणः) + ayam (अयम्) + śyāmaḥ (श्यामः) + ayam (अयम्) + iti (इति)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| tatra (तत्र) | indeclinable | Among the four instruments of 36. |
| pratyakṣa-jñāna-karaṇam (प्रत्यक्ष-ज्ञान-करणम्) | nominative singular, neuter | The instrument of perceptual knowing. |
| pratyakṣam (प्रत्यक्षम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Perception. The same word is then used for the knowing itself. |
| indriya-artha-sannikarṣa-janyam (इन्द्रिय-अर्थ-सन्निकर्ष-जन्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Born of the contact of sense and object. |
| jñānam (ज्ञानम्) | nominative singular, neuter | A knowing. |
| nirvikalpakam (निर्विकल्पकम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Without a conceptual construction. |
| savikalpakam (सविकल्पकम्) | nominative singular, neuter | With a conceptual construction. |
| niṣprakārakam (निष्प्रकारकम्) | nominative singular, neuter | Without a qualifier. The file had repeated nirvikalpakam (निर्विकल्पकम्) and written yathedaṃ kiṃcit (यथेदं किंचित्). The sitting reads the sentence the commentary treats as the primer: a knowing without a qualifier. |
| saprakārakam (सप्रकारकम्) | nominative singular, neuter | With a qualifier. The file had written saparakārakam (सपरकारकम्). |
| ḍittho 'yam (डित्थोऽयम्) | this is Ḍittha (डित्थ) | A name, as qualifier. |
| brāhmaṇo 'yam (ब्राह्मणोऽयम्) | this is a brāhmaṇa (ब्राह्मण) | A class, as qualifier. The file had brahmaṇa (ब्रह्मण). |
| śyāmo 'yam (श्यामोऽयम्) | this is dark | A quality, as qualifier. |
The phrases
First the instrument: perception is the instrument of perceptual knowing.
Then the knowing: it is the knowing born of sense and object in contact.
Without a qualifier, the knowing is nirvikalpaka (निर्विकल्पक). With a name, a class, or a quality as qualifier, it is savikalpaka (सविकल्पक).
Sanskrit in this line
Indriya (इन्द्रिय) plus artha (अर्थ) is indriyārtha (इन्द्रियार्थ).
Niṣ (निष्) plus prakāraka (प्रकारक) is niṣprakāraka (निष्प्रकारक). Sa (स) plus prakāraka (प्रकारक) is saprakāraka (सप्रकारक).
Ḍitthaḥ (डित्थः) before ayam (अयम्) is ḍittho 'yam (डित्थोऽयम्). The same sandhi gives brāhmaṇo 'yam (ब्राह्मणोऽयम्) and śyāmo 'yam (श्यामोऽयम्).
Say it back
Say the instrument, then the knowing, then the two kinds, with one example of the second.