Tarka-Saṃgraha / 43. Six contacts
43
प्रत्यक्षज्ञानहेतुरिन्द्रियार्थसन्निकर्षः षड्विधः । संयोगः संयुक्तसमवायः संयुक्तसमवेतसमवायः समवायः समवेतसमवायो विशेषणविशेष्यभावश् चेति । चक्षुषा घटप्रत्यक्षजनने संयोगः सन्निकर्षः । घटरूपप्रत्यक्षजनने संयुक्तसमवायः सन्निकर्षः चक्षुःसंयुक्ते घटे रूपस्य समवायात् । रूपत्वसामान्यप्रत्यक्षे संयुक्तसमवेतसमवायः सन्निकर्षः चक्षुःसंयुक्ते घटे रूपे समवेते तत्र रूपत्वस्य समवायात् । श्रोत्रेण शब्दसाक्षात्कारे समवायः सन्निकर्षः शब्दस्याकाशगुणत्वाद् गुणगुणिनोश् च समवायात् । शब्दत्वसाक्षात्कारे समवेतसमवायः सन्निकर्षः श्रोत्रसमवेते शब्दे शब्दत्वस्य समवायात् । अभावप्रत्यक्षे विशेषणविशेष्यभावः सन्निकर्षः घटाभाववद् भूतलमित्यत्र चक्षुःसंयुक्ते भूतले घटाभावस्य विशेषणत्वात् । एवं सन्निकर्षषट्कजन्यं ज्ञानं प्रत्यक्षम् । तत्करणमिन्द्रियम् । तस्मादिन्द्रियं प्रत्यक्षप्रमाणमिति सिद्धम् pratyakṣajñānahetur indriyārthasannikarṣaḥ ṣaḍvidhaḥ | saṃyogaḥ saṃyuktasamavāyaḥ saṃyuktasamavetasamavāyaḥ samavāyaḥ samavetasamavāyo viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaś ceti | cakṣuṣā ghaṭapratyakṣajanane saṃyogaḥ sannikarṣaḥ | ghaṭarūpapratyakṣajanane saṃyuktasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ cakṣuḥsaṃyukte ghaṭe rūpasya samavāyāt | rūpatvasāmānyapratyakṣe saṃyuktasamavetasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ cakṣuḥsaṃyukte ghaṭe rūpe samavete tatra rūpatvasya samavāyāt | śrotreṇa śabdasākṣātkāre samavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ śabdasyākāśaguṇatvād guṇaguṇinoś ca samavāyāt | śabdatvasākṣātkāre samavetasamavāyaḥ sannikarṣaḥ śrotrasamavete śabde śabdatvasya samavāyāt | abhāvapratyakṣe viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaḥ sannikarṣaḥ ghaṭābhāvavad bhūtalam ity atra cakṣuḥsaṃyukte bhūtale ghaṭābhāvasya viśeṣaṇatvāt | evaṃ sannikarṣaṣaṭkajanyaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣam | tatkaraṇam indriyam | tasmād indriyaṃ pratyakṣapramāṇam iti siddham
The line
The contact of sense and object that causes perceptual knowing is of six kinds: conjunction, inherence in the conjoined, inherence in what inheres in the conjoined, inherence, inherence in what inheres, and the relation of qualifier and qualified. The eye meets the pot by conjunction. It meets the pot's color by inherence in that pot. It meets color-ness by a further inherence. The ear meets sound by inherence, because sound is a quality of ether. It meets sound-ness by inherence in that sound. It meets the pot's absence as a qualifier of the ground the eye is joined to. Knowing born of these six is perception. Its instrument is the sense. So the sense is established as the perceptual means of knowing.
नेपालीमा
प्रत्यक्ष ज्ञान गराउने इन्द्रिय र अर्थको सम्पर्क छ प्रकारको हुन्छ, संयोग, संयुक्तसमवाय, संयुक्तसमवेतसमवाय, समवाय, समवेतसमवाय र विशेषणविशेष्यभाव। आँखाले घडा संयोगले, घडाको रूप त्यस घडामा समवायले र रूपत्व थप समवायले भेट्छ, कानले शब्द आकाशको गुण भएकाले समवायले र शब्दत्व त्यस शब्दमा समवायले भेट्छ, आँखाले घडाको अभावलाई आँखा जोडिएको जमिनको विशेषणका रूपमा भेट्छ, यी छबाट जन्मेको ज्ञान प्रत्यक्ष हो, त्यसको करण इन्द्रिय हो, त्यसैले इन्द्रिय प्रत्यक्ष जान्ने साधनका रूपमा सिद्ध हुन्छ।
Where it sits
Inference begins at 44. Absence, which this paragraph says is perceived, is the seventh category of 9. A school that counts non-apprehension as a separate means is on the non-apprehension page. This primer puts the seeing of absence inside perception, as the sixth contact.
Split: pratyakṣa-jñāna-hetuḥ (प्रत्यक्ष-ज्ञान-हेतुः) + indriya-artha-sannikarṣaḥ (इन्द्रिय-अर्थ-सन्निकर्षः) + ṣaḍvidhaḥ (षड्विधः) + saṃyogaḥ (संयोगः) + saṃyukta-samavāyaḥ (संयुक्त-समवायः) + saṃyukta-samaveta-samavāyaḥ (संयुक्त-समवेत-समवायः) + samavāyaḥ (समवायः) + samaveta-samavāyaḥ (समवेत-समवायः) + viśeṣaṇa-viśeṣya-bhāvaḥ (विशेषण-विशेष्य-भावः) + ca (च) + iti (इति)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| ṣaḍvidhaḥ (षड्विधः) | nominative singular, masculine | Of six kinds. The contact that causes perceptual knowing. |
| saṃyogaḥ (संयोगः) | conjunction | Sense conjoined with the pot. That contact produces the perception of the pot. |
| saṃyukta-samavāyaḥ (संयुक्त-समवायः) | inherence in what is conjoined | Color inheres in the pot, and the eye is conjoined with the pot. That contact produces the perception of the pot's color. |
| saṃyukta-samaveta-samavāyaḥ (संयुक्त-समवेत-समवायः) | inherence in what inheres in the conjoined | Color-ness inheres in the color that inheres in the pot the eye meets. That contact produces the perception of color-ness. |
| samavāyaḥ (समवायः) | inherence | The ear's direct grasp of sound. Sound is a quality of ether, and the ear is ether, so quality and bearer are in inherence. The file had jumped to śabdasyākāśaguṇatvāt (शब्दस्याकाशगुणत्वात्) without naming this contact. The sitting names it. |
| samaveta-samavāyaḥ (समवेत-समवायः) | inherence in what inheres | Sound-ness inheres in the sound that inheres in the ear. That contact grasps sound-ness. |
| viśeṣaṇa-viśeṣya-bhāvaḥ (विशेषण-विशेष्य-भावः) | qualifier and qualified | The ground qualified by the pot's absence. The file had abhāvaparatyakṣe (अभावपरत्यक्षे) and bhṛtalam (भृतलम्). The sitting reads abhāvapratyakṣe (अभावप्रत्यक्षे) and bhūtalam (भूतलम्). |
| sannikarṣa-ṣaṭka-janyam (सन्निकर्ष-षट्क-जन्यम्) | born of the set of six contacts | The file had snnikarṣa (स्न्निकर्ष). The sitting reads sannikarṣa (सन्निकर्ष). |
| tat-karaṇam indriyam (तत्-करणमिन्द्रियम्) | its instrument is the sense | So the sense is the pramāṇa (प्रमाण) that is perception. |
The phrases
Six relations, each with one example: the pot, the pot's color, color-ness, sound, sound-ness, and the absence of the pot on the ground.
The last sentence draws the name: the instrument is the sense, and therefore the sense is perceptual pramāṇa (प्रमाण).
Sanskrit in this line
Cakṣuḥ (चक्षुः) plus saṃyukte (संयुक्ते) is cakṣuḥsaṃyukte (चक्षुःसंयुक्ते).
Guṇa (गुण) plus guṇinoḥ (गुणिनोः) is guṇaguṇinoḥ (गुणगुणिनोः), the dual of quality and the bearer of the quality.
Say it back
Name the six contacts, and give the example of the pot and the example of the pot's absence.