Tarka-Saṃgraha / 2. Seven categories
2
द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्यविशेषसमवायाभावाः सप्त पदार्थाः dravyaguṇakarmasāmānyaviśeṣasamavāyābhāvāḥ sapta padārthāḥ
The line
Substance, quality, action, the common, the particular, inherence, and absence are the seven categories.
नेपालीमा
द्रव्य, गुण, कर्म, सामान्य, विशेष, समवाय र अभाव यी सात पदार्थ हुन्।
Where it sits
This is the sentence the primer is remembered for. Vaiśeṣika (वैशेषिक) 1.1.4 counts six: it stops at inherence. Absence is the seventh this later book adds, and 9 and 80 are where that seventh is divided. 3 begins the substances.
Split: dravya (द्रव्य) + guṇa (गुण) + karma (कर्म) + sāmānya (सामान्य) + viśeṣa (विशेष) + samavāya (समवाय) + abhāvāḥ (अभावाः) + sapta (सप्त) + padārthāḥ (पदार्थाः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| dravya (द्रव्य) | stem in the compound | Substance. What the qualities and the actions reside in. |
| guṇa (गुण) | stem in the compound | Quality. Color, number, cognition, and the rest of the twenty-four. |
| karma (कर्म) | stem in the compound | Action. Motion. |
| sāmānya (सामान्य) | stem in the compound | The common. What lets many things take one name. |
| viśeṣa (विशेष) | stem in the compound | The particular. The last distinction of an eternal substance. |
| samavāya (समवाय) | stem in the compound | Inherence. The relation of what cannot be parted and still be. |
| abhāvāḥ (अभावाः) | nominative plural, masculine | Absences. The last member wears the case for the whole list. |
| sapta (सप्त) | nominative plural, in form a numeral | Seven. Agrees with the list. |
| padārthāḥ (पदार्थाः) | nominative plural, masculine | Categories. pada (पद) is a word. artha (अर्थ) is its object. A padārtha (पदार्थ) is a thing-that-has-a-word, the sort of thing a system counts. |
The phrases
One compound, seven names, one ending on abhāva (अभाव).
Two nominatives and no verb. The list is the seven categories.
Sanskrit in this line
Samavāya (समवाय) plus abhāva (अभाव) is samavāyābhāva (समवायाभाव). Short a (अ) plus short a (अ) is ā (आ). The plural -āḥ (-आः) belongs to the whole dvandva (द्वन्द्व).
Pada (पद) plus artha (अर्थ) is padārtha (पदार्थ), the same sandhi.
Say it back
Name the seven in order. Stop at seven.