Tarka-Saṃgraha / 9. Absence, four
9
अभावश् चतुर्विधः ।
प्रागभावः प्रध्वंसाभावोऽत्यन्ताभावोऽन्योन्याभावश् चेति abhāvaś caturvidhaḥ |
prāgabhāvaḥ pradhvaṃsābhāvo 'tyantābhāvo 'nyonyābhāvaś ceti
The line
Absence is of four kinds: prior absence, absence after destruction, absolute absence, and mutual absence.
नेपालीमा
अभाव चार प्रकारको हुन्छ, प्रागभाव, नाशपछिको अभाव, अत्यन्ताभाव र अन्योन्याभाव।
Where it sits
80 defines the four. Vaiśeṣika (वैशेषिक) 1.1.4 has no seventh category for them to fit. This paragraph is the primer's addition, stated as a heading before the substances are defined.
Split: abhāvaḥ (अभावः) + caturvidhaḥ (चतुर्विधः) + prāk-abhāvaḥ (प्राक्-अभावः) + pradhvaṃsa-abhāvaḥ (प्रध्वंस-अभावः) + atyanta-abhāvaḥ (अत्यन्त-अभावः) + anyonya-abhāvaḥ (अन्योन्य-अभावः) + ca (च) + iti (इति)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| abhāvaḥ (अभावः) | nominative singular, masculine | Absence. The seventh of 2. Heard abhāvaś (अभावश्) before caturvidhaḥ (चतुर्विधः). |
| caturvidhaḥ (चतुर्विधः) | nominative singular, masculine | Of four kinds. |
| prāk-abhāvaḥ (प्राक्-अभावः) | nominative singular, masculine | Prior absence. The absence of a thing before it is produced. |
| pradhvaṃsa-abhāvaḥ (प्रध्वंस-अभावः) | nominative singular, masculine | Absence by destruction. After the thing has been. |
| atyanta-abhāvaḥ (अत्यन्त-अभावः) | nominative singular, masculine | Absolute absence. Absence in all three times. |
| anyonya-abhāvaḥ (अन्योन्य-अभावः) | nominative singular, masculine | Mutual absence. This is not that. |
| ca iti (च इति) | indeclinable | And so. Closes the four. |
The phrases
The heading is one word, abhāva (अभाव), and the heading splits into four.
Sanskrit in this line
Abhāvaḥ (अभावः) before c (च्) is abhāvaś (अभावश्).
Pradhvaṃsa (प्रध्वंस) plus abhāva (अभाव) is pradhvaṃsābhāva (प्रध्वंसाभाव). Atyanta (अत्यन्त) plus abhāva (अभाव) is atyantābhāva (अत्यन्ताभाव). Anyonya (अन्योन्य) plus abhāva (अभाव) is anyonyābhāva (अन्योन्याभाव). In each, short a (अ) plus short a (अ) is ā (आ).
Before a vowel the visarga of abhāvaḥ (अभावः) drops, and the apostrophe marks the dropped a (अ) of the next word only where the printing shows it: 'tyantābhāvaḥ (ऽत्यन्ताभावः), 'nyonyābhāvaḥ (ऽन्योन्याभावः).
Say it back
Name the four absences in order.