Tarka-Saṃgraha / 59. Word
59
आप्तवाक्यं शब्दः । आप्तस् तु यथार्थवक्ता । वाक्यं पदसमूहः । यथा गामानय इति । शक्तं पदम् । अस्मात् पदादयमर्थो बोद्धव्य इति ईश्वरसंकेतः शक्तिः āptavākyaṃ śabdaḥ | āptas tu yathārthavaktā | vākyaṃ padasamūhaḥ | yathā gām ānaya iti | śaktaṃ padam | asmāt padād ayam artho boddhavya iti īśvarasaṃketaḥ śaktiḥ
The line
Word is the sentence of a trustworthy person. A trustworthy person is one who speaks as things are. A sentence is a collection of words, as 'bring the cow.' A word is what has a power. The power is the Lord's convention: from this word this object is to be understood.
नेपालीमा
शब्द आप्त पुरुषको वाक्य हो, र आप्त पुरुष वस्तु जस्तो छ त्यस्तै बोल्ने हो। वाक्य शब्दहरूको समूह हो, जस्तै गाई ल्याऊ, शब्द शक्ति भएको हो, र शक्ति ईश्वरको संकेत हो कि यस शब्दबाट यो वस्तु बुझिने हो।
Where it sits
Nyāya (न्याय) 1.1.7 defines verbal testimony as the instruction of a trustworthy person. The primer agrees on the trustworthy speaker, and then says the power of the word is the Lord's convention. Mīmāṃsā (मीमांसा)'s word is the authorless Veda. That disagreement is in the open at 62, where a Vedic sentence is a means of knowing because the Lord spoke it. The three conditions of a sentence are 60.
Split: āpta-vākyam (आप्त-वाक्यम्) + śabdaḥ (शब्दः) + āptaḥ (आप्तः) + tu (तु) + yathārtha-vaktā (यथार्थ-वक्ता) + vākyam (वाक्यम्) + pada-samūhaḥ (पद-समूहः) + yathā (यथा) + gām (गाम्) + ānaya (आनय) + iti (इति) + śaktam (शक्तम्) + padam (पदम्) + asmāt (अस्मात्) + padāt (पदात्) + ayam (अयम्) + arthaḥ (अर्थः) + boddhavyaḥ (बोद्धव्यः) + iti (इति) + īśvara-saṃketaḥ (ईश्वर-संकेतः) + śaktiḥ (शक्तिः)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| āpta-vākyam (आप्त-वाक्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | The sentence of a trustworthy person. |
| śabdaḥ (शब्दः) | nominative singular, masculine | Word. The fourth instrument. |
| āptaḥ (आप्तः) | nominative singular, masculine | A trustworthy person. Heard āptas (आप्त) before tu (तु). |
| yathārtha-vaktā (यथार्थ-वक्ता) | nominative singular, masculine | A speaker of things as they are. |
| vākyam (वाक्यम्) | nominative singular, neuter | A sentence. |
| pada-samūhaḥ (पद-समूहः) | nominative singular, masculine | A collection of words. |
| gām ānaya (गामानय) | bring the cow | The example. gām (गाम्) is the accusative of go (गो). |
| śaktam padam (शक्तम् पदम्) | a word that has a power | A word is one that is empowered. |
| īśvara-saṃketaḥ (ईश्वर-संकेतः) | nominative singular, masculine | The Lord's convention. 'From this word this object is to be understood.' That convention is the power, śakti (शक्ति). |
The phrases
Word, as a means of knowing, is the sentence of someone who speaks as things are.
The power of a word, in this primer, is the Lord's convention fixing which object is to be understood from it.
Sanskrit in this line
Āpta (आप्त) plus vākya (वाक्य) is āptavākya (आप्तवाक्य).
Yathā (यथा) plus artha (अर्थ) is yathārtha (यथार्थ).
Say it back
Say what a trustworthy speaker is, and what the primer says the power of a word is.