1.2.5
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 1 / 1.2.5
द्रव्यत्वं गुणत्वं कर्मत्वं च सामान्यानि विशेषाश् च
dravyatvaṃ guṇatvaṃ karmatvaṃ ca sāmānyāni viśeṣāś ca
The line
Substanceness, qualityness, and actionness are both universals and particulars.
नेपालीमा
द्रव्यत्व, गुणत्व र कर्मत्व सामान्य पनि हुन् र विशेष पनि हुन्।
Where it sits
bhāva (भाव) in 1.2.4 was universal only. These three, which sit under it, are both. 1.2.6 removes one class from the 'both': the ultimate particulars.
Split: dravyatvam (द्रव्यत्वम्) + guṇatvam (गुणत्वम्) + karmatvam (कर्मत्वम्) + ca (च) + sāmānyāni (सामान्यानि) + viśeṣāḥ (विशेषाः) + ca (च)
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|
| dravyatvam (द्रव्यत्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | substanceness. The universal 'substance.' |
| guṇatvam (गुणत्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | qualityness. |
| karmatvam (कर्मत्वम्) | nominative singular, neuter | actionness. |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. |
| sāmānyāni (सामान्यानि) | nominative plural, neuter | universals. |
| viśeṣāḥ (विशेषाः) | nominative plural, masculine | particulars. |
| ca (च) | indeclinable | and. The second ca joins the two predicates. |
The phrases
Each of the three is a universal for the things under it. Substanceness is common to earth, water, and the rest. Each is also a particular, because under being, from 1.2.4, substanceness is one kind and not qualityness.
This is 1.2.3 applied. The knowing that looks down calls them universals. The knowing that looks up toward being calls them particulars.
Sanskrit in this line
-tva makes the abstract: the being-a-substance. Two predicates, sāmānyāni (सामान्यानि) and viśeṣāḥ (विशेषाः), are both said of the three names. The genders differ. The predicate does not have to copy the subject's gender when the predicate is a class-word of its own.
Say it back
Relative to pots, what is substanceness? Relative to being, what is it?