Vaiśeṣika Sūtra / Adhyāya 1
Adhyāya 1
Summary
Adhyāya (अध्याय) 1 opens on dharma, by which the highest good is reached. It names the categories and the nine substances, and it says what substance, quality, and action share. The later addition of absence as a seventh category is not in these lines. The sitting stays with the six.
नेपालीमा
अध्याय १ धर्मबाट खुल्छ, जसबाट परम कल्याण पुगिन्छ। यसले पदार्थ र नौ द्रव्यको नाम लिन्छ, र द्रव्य, गुण र कर्ममा के साझा छ भन्छ। अभावलाई सातौँ पदार्थ बनाउने पछिल्लो थप यी पङ्क्तिमा छैन। बैठक छमैमा रहन्छ।
Dharma, the categories, the nine substances, and what substance, quality, and action share.
48 of 48 lines in this chapter are written out word by word.
| Line | |
|---|---|
| 1.1.1 | अथातो धर्मं व्याख्यास्यामः athāto dharmaṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ Now, therefore, we will explain dharma (धर्म). |
| 1.1.2 | यतोऽभ्युदयनिःश्रेयससिद्धिः स धर्मः yato 'bhyudayaniḥśreyasasiddhiḥ sa dharmaḥ Dharma is that from which elevation and the highest good come. |
| 1.1.3 | तद्वचनादाम्नायस्य प्रामाण्यम् tadvacanādāmnāyasya prāmāṇyam The Veda is a means of knowing because it speaks of that dharma (धर्म). |
| 1.1.4 | धर्मविशेष प्रसूतात् द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्य विशेषसमवायानां पदार्थानां साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां तत्त्वज्ञानान्निःश्रेयसम् dharmaviśeṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśeṣasamavāyānāṃ padārthānāṃ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ tattvajñānānniḥśreyasam The highest good comes from knowing the likeness and the difference of the categories. |
| 1.1.5 | पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि pṛthivyāpastejo vāyurākāśaṃ kālo digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi The substances are earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, self, and mind. |
| 1.1.6 | रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṃkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pṛthaktvaṃ saṃyogavibhāgau paratvāparatve buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhe icchādveṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ Seventeen qualities, and not the later list of twenty-four. |
| 1.1.7 | उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि utkṣepaṇamavakṣepaṇaṃ ākuñcanaṃ prasāraṇaṃ gamanamiti karmāṇi Five actions: up, down, contracting, extending, and going. |
| 1.1.8 | सदनित्यं द्रव्यवत् कार्यं कारणं सामान्यविशेषवदिति द्रव्यगुणकर्मणामविशेषः sadanityaṃ dravyavat kāryaṃ kāraṇaṃ sāmānyaviśeṣavaditi dravyaguṇakarmaṇāmaviśeṣaḥ What substance, quality, and action have in common. |
| 1.1.9 | द्रव्यगुणयोः सजातीयारम्भकत्वं साधर्म्यम् dravyaguṇayoḥ sajātīyārambhakatvaṃ sādharmyam Substance and quality both start something of their own kind. |
| 1.1.10 | द्रव्याणि द्रव्यान्तरमारभन्ते गुणाश्च गुणान्तरम् dravyāṇi dravyāntaramārabhante guṇāśca guṇāntaram Substances produce a substance. Qualities produce a quality. |
| 1.1.11 | कर्म कर्मसाध्यं न विद्यते karma karmasādhyaṃ na vidyate No action is produced by an action. |
| 1.1.12 | न द्रव्यं कारणं च भवति na dravyaṃ kāraṇaṃ ca bhavati A substance is not destroyed by its own effect or by its own cause. |
| 1.1.13 | उभयथा गुणाः ubhayathā guṇāḥ A quality is destroyed both by its effect and by its cause. |
| 1.1.14 | कार्यविरोधि कर्म kāryavirodhi karma An action is opposed to its effect. |
| 1.1.15 | क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणमिति द्रव्यलक्षणम् kriyāguṇavat samavāyikāraṇamiti dravyalakṣaṇam A substance is the inherence-cause of actions and qualities. |
| 1.1.16 | द्रव्याश्रय्यगुणवान् संयोगविभागेष्वकारणमनपेक्ष इति गुणलक्षणम् dravyāśrayyaguṇavān saṃyogavibhāgeṣvakāraṇamanapekṣa iti guṇalakṣaṇam A quality rests on a substance, has no quality of its own, and does not by itself cause conjunction or disjunction. |
| 1.1.17 | एकद्रव्यमगुणं संयोगविभागेष्वनपेक्ष कारणमिति कर्मलक्षणम् ekadravyamaguṇaṃ saṃyogavibhāgeṣvanapekṣa kāraṇamiti karmalakṣaṇam An action is in one substance, has no quality, and by itself causes conjunction and disjunction. |
| 1.1.18 | द्रव्यगुणकर्मणां द्रव्यं कारणं सामान्यम् dravyaguṇakarmaṇāṃ dravyaṃ kāraṇaṃ sāmānyam Substance is the common cause of substance, quality, and action. |
| 1.1.19 | तथा गुणः tathā guṇaḥ A quality is a common cause as well. |
| 1.1.20 | संयोगविभागवेगानां कर्म समानम् saṃyogavibhāgavegānāṃ karma samānam Action is the common cause of conjunction, disjunction, and impetus. |
| 1.1.21 | न द्रव्याणां कर्म na dravyāṇāṃ karma Action is not the cause of substances. |
| 1.1.22 | व्यतिरेकात् vyatirekāt The reason is that action is excluded from the producing of a substance. |
| 1.1.23 | द्रव्याणां द्रव्यं कार्यं सामान्यम् dravyāṇāṃ dravyaṃ kāryaṃ sāmānyam The common effect of substances is a substance. |
| 1.1.24 | गुणवैधर्म्यान्न कर्मणां कर्म guṇavaidharmyānna karmaṇāṃ karma Actions do not produce an action, because they are unlike qualities. |
| 1.1.25 | द्वित्वप्रभृतयः संख्याः पृथक्त्व संयोग विभागाश्च dvitvaprabhṛtayaḥ saṃkhyāḥ pṛthaktva saṃyoga vibhāgāśca Number from two upward, separateness, conjunction, and disjunction. |
| 1.1.26 | असमवायात् सामान्यकार्यं कर्म न विद्यते asamavāyāt sāmānyakāryaṃ karma na vidyate There is no action that is a joint effect, because an action inheres in one substance. |
| 1.1.27 | संयोगानां द्रव्यम् saṃyogānāṃ dravyam The effect of conjunctions is a substance. |
| 1.1.28 | रूपाणां रूपम् rūpāṇāṃ rūpam The effect of colors is a color. |
| 1.1.29 | गुरुत्वप्रयत्नसंयोगानामुत्क्षेपणम् gurutvaprayatnasaṃyogānāmutkṣepaṇam Throwing upward comes from weight, effort, and conjunction. |
| 1.1.30 | संयोगविभागाश्च कर्मणाम् saṃyogavibhāgāśca karmaṇām Conjunction and disjunction are effects of actions. |
| 1.1.31 | कारणसामान्ये द्रव्यकर्मणां कर्माकारणमुक्तम् kāraṇasāmānye dravyakarmaṇāṃ karmākāraṇamuktam It has been said: action does not cause substances or actions. |
| 1.2.1 | कारणाभावात् कार्याभावः kāraṇābhāvāt kāryābhāvaḥ No cause, no effect. |
| 1.2.2 | न तु कार्याभावात् कारणाभावः na tu kāryābhāvāt kāraṇābhāvaḥ No effect does not mean no cause. |
| 1.2.3 | सामान्यविशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् sāmānyaviśeṣa iti buddhyapekṣam Universal and particular depend on the knowing. |
| 1.2.4 | भावोऽनुवृत्तेरेव हेतुत्वात् सामान्यमेव bhāvo 'nuvṛttereva hetutvāt sāmānyameva Being is only a universal, because all it causes is recurrence. |
| 1.2.5 | द्रव्यत्वं गुणत्वं कर्मत्वं च सामान्यानि विशेषाश्च dravyatvaṃ guṇatvaṃ karmatvaṃ ca sāmānyāni viśeṣāśca Substanceness, qualityness, and actionness are universals and particulars. |
| 1.2.6 | अन्यत्रान्त्येभ्यो विशेषेभ्यः anyatrāntyebhyo viśeṣebhyaḥ Except the ultimate particulars. |
| 1.2.7 | सदिति यतो द्रव्यगुणकर्मसु सा सत्ता saditi yato dravyaguṇakarmasu sā sattā Existence is that by which we say 'it is' of the three. |
| 1.2.8 | द्रव्यगुणकर्मभ्योर्ऽथान्तरं सत्ता dravyaguṇakarmabhyor'thāntaraṃ sattā Existence is a different thing from substance, quality, and action. |
| 1.2.9 | गुणकर्मसु च भावान्न कर्म न गुणः guṇakarmasu ca bhāvānna karma na guṇaḥ Because it occurs in qualities and actions, it is neither. |
| 1.2.10 | सामान्यविशेषाभावेन च sāmānyaviśeṣābhāvena ca And because it is not a lower universal. |
| 1.2.11 | अनेकद्रव्यवत्त्वेन द्रव्यत्वमुक्तम् anekadravyavattvena dravyatvamuktam Substanceness is known by its presence in many substances. |
| 1.2.12 | सामान्यविशेषाभावेन च sāmānyaviśeṣābhāvena ca And by its not being a mere lower universal. |
| 1.2.13 | तथा गुणेषु भावाद्गुणत्वमुक्तम् tathā guṇeṣu bhāvādguṇatvamuktam Qualityness is known by its presence in qualities. |
| 1.2.14 | सामान्यविशेषाभावेन च sāmānyaviśeṣābhāvena ca The refrain, now for qualityness. |
| 1.2.15 | कर्मसु भावात्कर्मत्वमुक्तम् karmasu bhāvātkarmatvamuktam Actionness is known by its presence in actions. |
| 1.2.16 | सामान्यविशेषाभावेन च sāmānyaviśeṣābhāvena ca The refrain, now for actionness. |
| 1.2.17 | सदिति लिङ्गाविशेषात् विशेषलिङ्गाभावाच्चैको भावः saditi liṅgāviśeṣāt viśeṣaliṅgābhāvāccaiko bhāvaḥ Existence is one. |