1.47
सञ्जय उवाच
एवमुक्त्वार्जुनः सङ्ख्ये रथोपस्थ उपाविशत् ।
विसृज्य सशरं चापं शोकसंविग्नमानसः ॥
sañjaya uvāca
evam uktvārjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśat
visṛjya saśaraṃ cāpaṃ śokasaṃvignamānasaḥ
Sañjaya (सञ्जय). The speech is over because the speaker sits down.
The verse
Sañjaya (सञ्जय) said: Having spoken thus, Arjuna sat down on the seat of the chariot in the midst of the battle, casting aside his bow and arrow, his mind shaken by sorrow.
नेपालीमा
सञ्जयले भने, यसरी भनेर शोकले मन हल्लिएका अर्जुन धनुष र बाण फालेर युद्धको बीचमा रथको आसनमा बसे।
Where it sits
The question Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र) asked in 1.1 was what the two armies did. The answer, at the end of the first chapter, is that one man sat down. The bow that came up in 1.20 is on the floor. śokasaṃvignamānasaḥ (शोकसंविग्नमानसः) is the chapter's title turned into a compound. Viṣāda (विषाद), despair, has a body and a posture now.
Nothing has been taught. Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) has said "see the Kurus," and driven the chariot, and listened. The teaching starts in chapter 2, from a man sitting in a chariot in the middle of both armies, with the bow down. Stay with this verse until the locative of the seat is yours. It is the place where the rest of the book is spoken.
Split: एवम् + उक्त्वा + अर्जुनः + सङ्ख्ये + रथ-उपस्थे + उपाविशत् + विसृज्य + स-शरम् + चापम् + शोक-संविग्न-मानसः
evam + uktvā + arjunaḥ + saṅkhye + ratha-upasthe + upāviśat + visṛjya + sa-śaram + cāpam + śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| एवम् | evam | indeclinable | thus. |
| उक्त्वा | uktvā | gerund | having spoken. |
| अर्जुनः | arjunaḥ | nominative | Arjuna. The narration returns to the plain name. |
| सङ्ख्ये | saṅkhye | locative | in the battle. saṅkhya (सङ्ख्य) here is the conflict, the array. |
| रथ-उपस्थे | ratha-upasthe | locative | on the seat of the chariot. upastha (उपस्थ) is the lap, the place one sits. |
| उपाविशत् | upāviśat | imperfect, 3rd singular | he sat down. From upa-ā-viś (उप-आ-विश्). |
| विसृज्य | visṛjya | gerund | having cast aside. From vi-sṛj (वि-सृज्). |
| स-शरम् | sa-śaram | accusative | together with the arrow. |
| चापम् | cāpam | accusative | the bow. |
| शोक-संविग्न-मानसः | śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ | nominative, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | he whose mind is shaken by sorrow. |
The phrases
एवम् उक्त्वा evam uktvā closes the speech of 1.28–1.46. Having spoken thus.
arjunaḥ saṅkhye (अर्जुनः सङ्ख्ये) is the man, in the battle. उक्त्वा + अर्जुनः uktvā + arjunaḥ becomes uktvārjunaḥ (उक्त्वार्जुनः), because आ + अ ā + a becomes ā (आ).
rathopastha upāviśat (रथोपस्थ उपाविशत्) is the sitting. He sat down on the chariot's seat. The words on the page look like a nominative plus a verb. They are not. rathopasthe (रथोपस्थे) is locative, "on the seat." ए + उ e + u becomes a (अ) plus u (उ): rathopasthe upāviśat (रथोपस्थे उपाविशत्) is recited rathopastha upāviśat (रथोपस्थ उपाविशत्). The e (ए) leaves a short a (अ) behind, and upāviśat (उपाविशत्) keeps its u (उ). There is no avagraha, because the vowel that followed was u (उ), not a (अ).
visṛjya saśaraṃ cāpam (विसृज्य सशरं चापम्) is the bow. Having thrown down the bow together with the arrow. sa- (स-) on śaram (शरम्) means "with."
śokasaṃvignamānasaḥ (शोकसंविग्नमानसः) is the state he sits in. A bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि): mind, mānasa (मानस), that is saṃvigna (संविग्न), agitated, by śoka (शोक), sorrow. Read it from the end.
Sanskrit in this line
ए + उ e + u becomes अ + उ a + u. rathopasthe upāviśat (रथोपस्थे उपाविशत्) is recited rathopastha upāviśat (रथोपस्थ उपाविशत्). This is the rule you met for ए + इ e + i in te ime (ते इमे) at 1.33, applied to u (उ). Final e (ए) before a vowel other than a (अ) turns into short a (अ), and the following vowel stays. Before a (अ), the other rule holds: the e (ए) stays and the a (अ) drops, leaving the avagraha. The seat of the chariot is the test. If you read rathopastha (रथोपस्थ) as a nominative, Arjuna becomes "the chariot-seat" and sits down, which is nonsense. The sandhi is why it looked like a nominative.
Two gerunds and a main verb, the shape of 1.20 reversed. There he saw, he raised the bow, he spoke. Here he has spoken, he has thrown the bow, he sits. uktvā (उक्त्वा) takes --tvā (त्वा). visṛjya (विसृज्य) takes --ya (य) because of the prefix. Same rule as the first gerunds in the chapter.
The bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) at the end is the kind of compound chapter 1 has been training. mānasa (मानस) is the mind. Whose mind? The man's. What kind of mind? Shaken by sorrow. The ending is nominative singular, agreeing with arjunaḥ (अर्जुनः). One word, and it is the state Sañjaya (सञ्जय) leaves him in.
Say it back
Recite the verse. Split rathopastha upāviśat (रथोपस्थ उपाविशत्) into the locative and the verb, out loud. Then say what happened to the bow, and the compound for the mind. If those three are solid, chapter 1 is in your ear. The next sitting is chapter 2, when you are ready, in Chapter 2.