2.11
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अशोच्यानन्वशोचस्त्वं प्रज्ञावादांश्च भाषसे ।
गतासूनगतासूंश्च नानुशोचन्ति पण्डिताः ॥
śrībhagavān uvāca
aśocyān anvaśocas tvaṃ prajñāvādāṃś ca bhāṣase
gatāsūn agatāsūṃś ca nānuśocanti paṇḍitāḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is speaking to Arjuna, again as śrībhagavān (श्रीभगवान्), and from this verse the speech is the teaching.
The verse
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) said: You have grieved for those who are not to be grieved for, and you speak words that sound like wisdom; the learned do not grieve for those whose breath has gone, nor for those whose breath has not.
नेपालीमा
कृष्णले भन्नुभयो, तिमीले शोक गर्न नहुनेहरूका लागि शोक गर्यौ, र ज्ञानजस्तो सुनिने वचन बोल्छौ। जान्नेहरूले प्राण गएकाहरूका लागि पनि शोक गर्दैनन्, प्राण नगएकाहरूका लागि पनि गर्दैनन्।
Where it sits
The teaching begins with the grief and with words that had the sound of wisdom. The learned are named by what they do not grieve, and the hell of the family is not the subject.
Split: अशोच्यान् + अन्वशोचः + त्वम् + प्रज्ञा-वादान् + च + भाषसे + गत-असून् + अगत-असून् + च + न + अनुशोचन्ति + पण्डिताः
aśocyān + anvaśocaḥ + tvam + prajñā-vādān + ca + bhāṣase + gata-asūn + agata-asūn + ca + na + anuśocanti + paṇḍitāḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| अशोच्यान् | aśocyān | accusative plural, gerundive | those not to be grieved for. a- (अ-) on śocya (शोच्य), from śuc (शुच्). |
| अन्वशोचः | anvaśocaḥ | imperfect, 2nd singular of anu-śuc (अनु-शुच्) | you grieved. |
| त्वम् | tvam | nominative | you. |
| प्रज्ञा-वादान् | prajñā-vādān | accusative plural | speeches of wisdom, words with the sound of knowing. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| भाषसे | bhāṣase | present, 2nd singular, middle of bhāṣ (भाष्) | you speak. |
| गत-असून् | gata-asūn | accusative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose breath has gone. asu (असु) is the life-breath. |
| अगत-असून् | agata-asūn | accusative plural, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | those whose breath has not gone. |
| च | ca | indeclinable | and. |
| न | na | indeclinable | not. |
| अनुशोचन्ति | anuśocanti | present, 3rd plural | they grieve after. |
| पण्डिताः | paṇḍitāḥ | nominative plural | those who know, the learned. |
The phrases
अशोच्यान् अन्वशोचः त्वम् aśocyān anvaśocaḥ tvam is the charge. You grieved for those who are not to be grieved for. अशोच्यान् अन्वशोचः aśocyān anvaśocaḥ is recited aśocyānanvaśocaḥ (अशोच्यानन्वशोचः). anvaśocaḥ tvam (अन्वशोचः त्वम्) is anvaśocas tvam (अन्वशोचस्त्वम्).
prajñāvādān ca bhāṣase (प्रज्ञावादान् च भाषसे) is the second charge. And you speak words that sound like wisdom. प्रज्ञावादान् + च prajñāvādān + ca is prajñāvādāṃś ca (प्रज्ञावादांश्च).
गतासून् अगतासून् च न अनुशोचन्ति पण्डिताः gatāsūn agatāsūn ca na anuśocanti paṇḍitāḥ is the standard he sets beside the charge. The learned do not grieve for the one whose breath has gone, nor for the one whose breath has not. न + अनुशोचन्ति na + anuśocanti is nānuśocanti (नानुशोचन्ति).
Sanskrit in this line
aśocya (अशोच्य) is a gerundive, "to be grieved for," with the negative a- (अ-). The accusative plural is aśocyān (अशोच्यान्). The verb that answers it is anvaśocaḥ (अन्वशोचः), imperfect, second person. The prefix is anu (अनु), and the augment sits after the prefix: अनु + अ + शोचः anu + a + śocaḥ becomes anvaśocaḥ (अन्वशोचः), because उ + अ u + a becomes va (व). The past-time a- (अ-) is inside अन्व- anv-. It is not the negative.
Say it back
Whom he grieved for, and what the learned do not do. Both gatāsu (गतासु) and agatāsu (अगतासु).