4.19
यस्य सर्वे समारम्भाः कामसङ्कल्पवर्जिताः ।
ज्ञानाग्निदग्धकर्माणं तमाहुः पण्डितं बुधाः ॥
yasya sarve samārambhāḥ kāmasaṅkalpavarjitāḥ
jñānāgnidagdhakarmāṇaṃ tam āhuḥ paṇḍitaṃ budhāḥ
Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) is still speaking, to Arjuna.
The verse
Whose undertakings are all free of desire and resolve, him the discerning call wise, his actions burned by the fire of knowledge.
नेपालीमा
जसका सबै थालनी चाहना र सङ्कल्पबाट मुक्त छन् र जसका कर्म ज्ञानको आगोले जलेका छन्, उसलाई विवेकीहरूले ज्ञानी भन्छन्।
Where it sits
4.18 named the wise man by what he sees, and this verse names him by what his undertakings no longer carry, his actions already burned by knowledge. The burning returns as a simile at 4.37; here it is already a name.
Split: यस्य + सर्वे + समारम्भाः + काम-सङ्कल्प-वर्जिताः + ज्ञान-अग्नि-दग्ध-कर्माणम् + तम् + आहुः + पण्डितम् + बुधाः
yasya + sarve + samārambhāḥ + kāma-saṅkalpa-varjitāḥ + jñāna-agni-dagdha-karmāṇam + tam + āhuḥ + paṇḍitam + budhāḥ
Sanskrit, in depth
The words
| देवनागरी | Word | Grammar | Sense |
|---|---|---|---|
| यस्य | yasya | genitive | whose. |
| सर्वे | sarve | nominative plural | all. |
| समारम्भाः | samārambhāḥ | nominative plural | undertakings. What one sets going. |
| काम-सङ्कल्प-वर्जिताः | kāma-saṅkalpa-varjitāḥ | nominative plural | left free of desire and of resolve. varjita (वर्जित) is "excluded, left out." |
| ज्ञान-अग्नि-दग्ध-कर्माणम् | jñāna-agni-dagdha-karmāṇam | accusative, bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) | him whose actions have been burned by the fire of knowledge. The accusative is the person. |
| तम् | tam | accusative | him. |
| आहुः | āhuḥ | perfect, 3rd plural | they call. From āha (आह). |
| पण्डितम् | paṇḍitam | accusative | a learned man, a wise one. |
| बुधाः | budhāḥ | nominative plural | the discerning, those who are awake. Subject of āhuḥ (आहुः). |
The phrases
yasya sarve samārambhāḥ kāmasaṅkalpavarjitāḥ (यस्य सर्वे समारम्भाः कामसङ्कल्पवर्जिताः) is the relative clause. Whose undertakings are all free of desire and of the resolve that desire makes. yasya (यस्य) is waiting for tam (तम्).
ज्ञानाग्निदग्धकर्माणं तम् आहुः पण्डितं बुधाः jñānāgnidagdhakarmāṇaṃ tam āhuḥ paṇḍitaṃ budhāḥ is what the discerning say about that man. They call him a wise man, the one whose actions the fire of knowledge has burned. तम् आहुः tam āhuḥ is tam āhuḥ (तमाहुः). paṇḍitam budhāḥ (पण्डितम् बुधाः) is paṇḍitaṃ budhāḥ (पण्डितं बुधाः).
Sanskrit in this line
jñānāgnidagdhakarmāṇam (ज्ञानाग्निदग्धकर्माणम्) is a bahuvrīhi (बहुव्रीहि) in the accusative. There is no verb "burns" in the sentence. The burning is inside the name of the man whom they call paṇḍitam (पण्डितम्). āhuḥ (आहुः) takes two accusatives: tam (तम्), him, and paṇḍitam (पण्डितम्), what they call him.
Say it back
Whose undertakings, and what the discerning call him. If the long compound is recited as a separate fire burning a separate object, stay here. It is his name.